Table 2.
Global and regional brain volumes (cm3) and cortical thickness (mm) across study groups.
| PTEN-ASD | Macro-ASD | Normo-ASD | Healthy Controls | 4-Group Comparison |
PTEN-ASD vs. Macro-ASD |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | M | (SD) | Χ2 (p) | Cohen’s d | ||
| Total Brain | 1634.1 | (272.6) | 1409.8 | (158.6) | 1236.7 | (121.3) | 1401.9 | (199.2) | 21.48 | (<.001) | 1.14 |
| Total Cortical Gray Matter | 652.2 | (110.8) | 625.4 | (82.2) | 527.5 | (52.0) | 593.0 | (62.2) | 24.56 | (<.001) | .28 |
| Total Cortical White Matter | 699.5 | (158.6) | 534.3 | (70.8) | 464.8 | (51.0) | 509.5 | (117.2) | 15.80 | (.001) | 1.63 |
| Hippocampus | 9.1 | (1.8) | 9.1 | (0.3) | 8.5 | (1.0) | 9.0 | (1.2) | 5.73 | (.125) | −.02 |
| Amygdala | 3.9 | (1.1) | 3.7 | (0.4) | 3.5 | (0.6) | 3.5 | (0.7) | 1.68 | (.642) | −.21 |
| Corpus Callosum | 4.7 | (1.5) | 3.4 | (0.6) | 3.1 | (1.0) | 3.0 | (0.8) | 12.18 | (.007) | 2.20 |
| Cerebellum | 152.4 | (25.1) | 131.5 | (39.1) | 135.3 | (38.5) | 171.5 | (16.6) | 9.90 | (.019) | 1.14 |
| Brain Stem | 25.5 | (5.0) | 23.8 | (8.3) | 21.3 | (3.6) | 27.3 | (3.4) | 13.38 | (.004) | .27 |
| White Matter Hypo-Intensities | 7.3 | (9.4) | 1.6 | (0.9) | 2.1 | (0.5) | 3.3 | (1.1) | 14.11 | (.003) | 2.91 |
| Lateral Ventricles | 32.6 | (18.5) | 13.0 | (8.8) | 10.1 | (7.4) | 21.7 | (9.7) | 14.13 | (.003) | 1.22 |
| Total Cortical Thickness | 2.7 | (0.1) | 2.8 | (0.1) | 2.7 | (0.1) | 2.7 | (0.1) | 11.10 | (.011) | −2.16 |
| Frontal Cortical Thickness | 2.6 | (0.1) | 2.8 | (0.2) | 2.7 | (0.2) | 2.7 | (0.2) | 6.09 | (.107) | −1.45 |
*
Note: Regional and structure-specific volumes were adjusted for total brain volume. Bolded effect sizes reflect significant a priori contrasts (p<.05) between PTEN-ASD and Macro-ASD groups. The distribution of white matter hypo-intensities was severely positively skewed and kurtotic. Thus, analyses were based on a log10 transformation which normalized the distribution.