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| First Author | Year | Sperm present in vasal fluid | Sperm absent in vasal fluid | Mean age (y) | Mean obstructive interval (mo) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patent (n) | Not Patent (n) | Patent (n) | Not Patent (n) | ||||
| Belker(3) | 1991 | 437 | 49 | 50 | 33 | 36.0 | 84.0 |
| Sheynkin(13) | 2000 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 8 | 40.1 | 108.0 |
| Sigman(14) | 2004 | 51 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 39.0 | 118.8 |
| Kolettis(6) | 2005 | 26 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 42.0 | 120.0 |
| Bolduc(16) | 2007 | 468 | 83 | 36 | 19 | 37.2 | 82.0 |
| Smith(15) | 2014 | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 40.2 | 82.8 |
