Figure 4.

Mean (±SEM) shift costs for each experiment. The shift cost is calculated by taking the difference in trials required to learn the extradimensional shift and the average number of trials across the four preceding intradimensional shifts. Sham-treated rats in both experiments show a positive shift cost requiring more trials to complete the extradimensional shift. Both cohorts of anterior thalamic lesion rats show a shift benefit (i.e., requiring fewer trials to complete the extradimensional shift; *significantly different from controls, p < 0.05).