Table 2.

Associations between autoantibody changes and disease activity

Disease/condition	Autoantibody	Change	Clinical prediction
Systemic lupus erythematosus	Anti-dsDNA	⇑	Active flare [15–17]
	Anti-dsDNA	⇓	Active flare [18]
	Anti-nucleosome	⇑	Active disease/lupus nephritis [19–21]
	Anti-C1q	⇑	Lupus nephritis [22–24]/active disease [25]
	Anti-NMDA-R	⇑	Permanent CNS impairment [26, 27]
	Anti-NMDA-R	⇓	Transient CNS symptoms [26, 27]
	Anti-CRP	⇑	Lupus nephritis/response to therapy [28]
	Anti-interferon-α	⇓	Inactive disease [29]
Systemic vasculitis	Anti-PR3	⇑	Active disease/disease relapse [30–32]
	Anti-MPO	⇑	Active disease/disease relapse [33, 34]
	Anti-GBM	⇑	Active disease/disease relapse [35, 36]
Scleroderma	Anti-topoisomerase I	⇑	Active scleroderma [37–39]
Rheumatoid arthritis	Anti-drug (adalimumab)	⇑	Treatment failure [40]
Antiphospholipid syndrome/SLE	Anti-phospholipid	⇑	Procoagulant state, thrombosis [41–43]
Necrotizing myopathy	Anti-signal recognition particle	⇑	Decreased muscle strength, increased creatine kinase activity [44]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura	Anti-ADAMTS13 antibodies	⇑	Disease relapse [45, 46]
Pregnancy in SLE	Anti-Ro(SSA)/anti-Ro52	⇑	Congenital heart block [47, 48]
	Anti-La(SSB)	⇑	Neonatal lupus [49]
Autoantibody serum screening	Anti-DFS70	⇑	ANA-positive healthy individuals [50, 51]