Figure 1. High levels of IL-12p40 and IFN-α2, and low levels of IL-10 and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CB of Asian HBV⁺ mothers.

(a) CB plasma cytokines were determined by multiplex assay in seven healthy controls and ten HBV⁺ mothers. Horizontal line represents the median. (b) Ratio of Th1/Th2 cytokine (IL-12p70/IL-10) in healthy and HBV-exposed CB. P-values were calculated using Mann–Whitney test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001.