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. 2015 Mar 25;7(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s13148-015-0068-2

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© vel Szic et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Activity of chromatin modifying writer-eraser enzymes depends on available concentrations of cofactor metabolites and environmental signals. (A) Schematic representation of a nucleosome with extruding histone tails with residues that can be modified by various chromatin writer (i.e., DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), histone methyltransferase (HMT), histone acetylase (HAT), ubiquitin ligase (L), kinase (K), glycosylase (G)) or chromatin eraser enzymes (i.e., DNA hydroxymethylase (TET), demethylase (HDMT), deacetylase (HDAC), proteasome (Pr), phosphatase (PP)), resulting in dynamic histone methylation (Me), acetylation (Ac), ubiquitination (Ub), phosphorylation (P), and glycosylation (Gly). These histone modifications have been associated with changes in chromatin organization, gene activation, silencing, and several other nuclear functions (adapted from [338]). (B) Hypothetical model of a glycolytic-oxidative metabolic switch and its possible influence on epigenetic modifiers and the epigenetic landscape (adapted from [339]).