Table 3.
Salient serological and functional biomarkers of CHD, and prospective ones
| Biomarker (class and salient examples) | Prediction of CHD | Size of studies | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Relative risk (95% CI) | (N = number of trials, n = number of patients) | ||
| Lipid-related markers: | |||
| HDL | 0.78 (0.74-0.82) | (N = 68, n = 302 430) | [154] |
| Triglycerides | 0.99 (0.94-1.05) | (N = 68, n = 302 430) | [154] |
| Leptin | 1.04 (0.92-1.17) | (n = 1 832) | [155] |
| LDL | 1.25 (1.18-1.33) | (N = 15, n = 233 455) | [156] |
| Non-HDL | 1.34 (1.24-1.44) | (N = 15, n = 233 455) | [156] |
| ApoB | 1.43 (1.35-1.51) | (N = 15, n = 233 455) | [156] |
| Inflammation markers: | |||
| TNF-α | 1.17 (1.09-1.25) | (N = 7, n = 6 107) | [157] |
| hsCRP | 1.20 (1.18-1.22) | (N = 38, n = 166 596) | [158] |
| IL-6 | 1.25 (1.19-1.32) | (N = 25, n = 42 123) | [157] |
| GDF-15 | 1.40 (1.10-1.80) | (n = 1 740) | [159] |
| OPG | 1.41 (1.33-1.57) | (n = 5 863) | [160] |
| Marker of oxidative stress: | |||
| MPO | 1.17 (1.06-1.30) | (n = 2 861) | [161] |
| Marker of vascular function and neurohormonal activity: | |||
| Homocysteine | 1.15 (1.09-1.22) | (N = 20, n = 22 652) | [162,163] |
| BNP | 1.42 (1.24-1.63) | (N = 40, n = 87 474) | [164] |
| Coagulation marker: | |||
| Fibrinogen | 1.15 (1.13-1.17) | (N = 40, n = 185 892) | [158] |
| Necrosis marker: | |||
| Troponins | 1.15 (1.04-1.27) | (n = 3 265) | [20] |
| Renal function marker: | |||
| Urinary ACR | 1.57 (1.26-1.95) | (n = 626) | [165] |
| Metabolic markers: | |||
| IGF-1 | 0.76 (0.56-1.04) | (n = 3 967) | [166] |
| Adiponectin | 0.97 (0.86-1.09) | (N = 14, n =21 272) | [167] |
| Cortisol | 1.10 (0.97-1.25) | (n = 2 512) | [168,169] |
| BDNF | ? | N/A | [99,101,102] |
| HbA1c | 1.42 (1.16-1.74) | (N = 2, n = 2 442) | [170] |
| Insulin resistance (HOMA) | 1.46 (1.26-1.69) | (N = 17, n = 51 161) | [171] |
From “How do high glycemic load diets influence coronary heart disease?” by Mathews MJ, Liebenberg L, Mathews EH. Nutr Metab. 2015:12:6 [14]. n denotes number of participants; N, number of trials; ?, currently unknown RR for CHD; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; ACR, albumin–to-creatinine ratio; GDF-15, growth-differentiation factor-15; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin A1c; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor-α; ApoB, apolipoprotein-B; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; MPO, myeloperoxidase; RANKL or OPG, osteoprotegerin; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment.