Table 1.
Characteristics of the study groups
| Diabetes without retinopathy (n = 159) | Diabetes with retinopathy (n = 153) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 82/77 | 76/77 | 0.7373 |
| Non-Caucasian | 7 (4.4%) | 6 (4.6%) | 0.9413 |
| Age (yr) | 59 (48–66) | 61 (54–68) | 0.0127 |
| Disease duration (yr) | 6 (2–10) | 11 (6–20) | <0.0001 |
| Insulin treatment (n) | 20 (12.6%) | 84 (54.9%) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking (current/past/never) | 71/54/32 | 78/44/30 | 0.5134 |
| Antiplatelet agents | 112/47 (29.6%) | 82/71 (46.4%) | 0.0022 |
| Dyslipidaemia (yes/no) | 88/71 (44.7%) | 79/74 (48.4%) | 0.5111 |
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 83/76 (47.8%) | 48/105 (68.3%) | 0.0002 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 134 (123–145) | 143 (133–159) | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 76 (70–83) | 77.5 (68.5-85.5) | 0.7526 |
| HR (b/min) | 75 (68–82) | 77 (70–86) | 0.0767 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.3 (27.4-34.0) | 31.1 (28.3-35) | 0.2477 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103 (96–111) | 107.5 (163–114) | 0.0039 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.1 (6.5-7.9) | 8.1 (7.2-9.1) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 184 (163–207) | 181 (162–204.5) | 0.9889 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 47 (40–57) | 50.5 (42–60.5) | 0.0308 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 108 (90.2-130.2) | 105.4 (86.5-127.8) | 0.2694 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 118 (89–171) | 116 (83–168) | 0.6181 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 0.79 (0.69-0.92) | 0.79 (0.68-0.93) | 0.7975 |
| Urinary albumin/creatinine ratio, mg/g | 5.8 (3.2-11) | 12.4 (6–32.7) | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as the median values and interquartile ranges. BP, blood pressure.