Table 2.
Examples of screening and diagnostic tests and possible Gold Standards.
| Disease or condition | Screening tests | Gold Standard | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Urinary tract infection | Urine microscopy | Urine culture | Bauman (1990) |
| Congenital heart disease | Exercise ECG | Coronary angiography | Bauman (1990) |
| Echocardiography | Mertens & Friedberg (2009) | ||
| Hypertension | Blood pressure (Korotkoff sounds) | Intra-arterial measurement of pressures | Bauman (1990) |
| Pickering et al. (2005) | |||
| Myocardial infarction | EEG or cardiac enzymes | Cardiac biopsy (at autopsy) | Bauman (1990) |
| Breast cancer | Mammography | Biopsy result | Bauman (1990) |
| Bowel cancer | Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) and the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) | Colonoscopy ± biopsy | Bauman (1990) |
| TB | Tuberculin Skin Test; Interferon Gamma Release Assays | Chest X-ray and a sample of sputum, detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) by culture or molecular methods. | CDC (2013) Achkar et al. (2011) |
| Chlamydia | Tissue culture from single cervical swabs | Direct immunofluorescence, enzyme immunoassay, PCR and serology, others | Thejls et al. (1994), see Watson et al. (2002) for review article |
| Cervical cancer | Pap smear | Colposcopy with appropriate biopsy or sentinel lymph node biopsy | Gotzak-Uzan et al. (2010) |
| Celiac disease | IgG- and IgA-antigliadin antibodies, IgA-endomysial antibodies, and intestinal permeability | Small bowel biopsy | Vogelsang et al. (1995) |