Table 2. In-utero exposure to caffeine and the risk of obesitya in offspring.
Caffeine intake | N Children | aORb | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
No | 124 | Reference | |
Yes | 491 | 1.87 | 1.12–3.12 |
Dose-response | |||
Categorical | |||
<150 mg per day | 373 | 1.77 | 1.05–3.00 |
⩾150 mg per day | 118 | 2.37 | 1.24–4.52 |
P-value for trend<0.01 | |||
Linear | |||
Caffeine mg per dayc | 615 | 1.23 | 0.99–1.53 |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; GEE, generalized estimating equation.
Obesity defined as ⩾95 percentile of age- and gender-specific BMI based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria.52
OR from GEE model with repeated measurements, adjusted for child's exact age at each measurement, child gender, maternal age at delivery, smoking during pregnancy, prepregnancy BMI and race. Further adjustment for following factors did not change the results: maternal education level, marital status, parity, preexisting or gestational diabetes, income, preterm delivery, small-for-gestational-age or birthweight, breastfeeding, and childhood characteristics such as fruit and vegetable intake, TV watching and exercise.
Caffeine intake (mg per day) was log10 transformed because of skewed distribution.