Table 4. In-utero exposure to caffeine and the risk of obesitya in offspring among children with at least 11 years of follow-up.
| Caffeine intake (mg per day) | No n (%) | Yes n (%) | aORb | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistent obesityc | ||||
| No caffeine | 79 (88.8) | 10 (11.2) | Reference | |
| <150 | 181 (83.0) | 37 (17.0) | 1.44 | 0.65–3.18 |
| ⩾150 | 53 (72.6) | 20 (27.4) | 3.21 | 1.27–8.07 |
| P-value for trend=0.01 | ||||
| Temporary obesityd | ||||
| No caffeine | 79 (85.9) | 13 (14.1) | Reference | |
| <150 | 181 (75.4) | 59 (24.6) | 1.93 | 0.98–3.79 |
| ⩾150 | 53 (77.9) | 15 (22.1) | 1.97 | 0.83–4.67 |
| P-value for trend =0.10 | ||||
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.
Obesity defined as ⩾95th percentile of age- and gender-specific BMI based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria.52
From logistic regression model, adjusted for child gender, maternal age at delivery, prepregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy and race. Further adjustment for following factors did not change the results: maternal education level, marital status, parity, preexisting or gestational diabetes, income, preterm delivery, small-for-gestational-age or birthweight, breastfeeding, and childhood characteristics such as fruit and vegetable intake, TV watching and exercise.
⩾50% of measurements met the definition of obesity and the child remained obese at the end of follow-up (vs never obese).
<50% of measurements met the definition of obesity or the child was no longer obese at the end of follow-up (vs never obese).