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. 2015 Apr 1;35(4):252–264. doi: 10.1089/jir.2014.0227

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© Sophia Davidson et al. 2015; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.

This Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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FIG. 1. — Multiple effects of IFN-αβ on immune and epithelial cells that can contribute to disease in specific infections. Only direct enhancing (green) and inhibitory (red) effects by IFN-αβ are color coded, secondary effects are in black. IFN-αβ can enhance production of IL-10, proinflammatory cytokines, and IL-27 and can block directly or indirectly the cytokines, IL-1, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, and KC. Detrimental effects can be due to the suppression of antibacterial responses (IL-1, IL-17, IFN-γ, and KC) or to overstimulation of inflammation leading to damage by apoptosis of tissue cells or immune suppression by apoptosis of immune cells.