FIG. 4.

Inflammatory mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress initiate further inflammatory responses and apoptosis through inflammasome activation. Cytosolic mtDNA, mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein, and other by-products of mitochondrial dysfunction also induce NF-κB and interferon upregulation. IRF, interferon regulatory factor; MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; mtTFA, mitochondrial transcription factor A; NLRP, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein.