Table 4.
The effect of surrounding greenness on birth outcomes according to different NDVI sizes tertiles (3rd tertile = highest greenness level).
| NDVI categories | NDVI-100 |
NDVI-300 |
NDVI-500 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted† OR (95% CI) | |||
| LBW | |||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd tertile | 0.80 (0.76–1.74) | 1.08 (0.71–1.65) | 1.46 (0.95–2.23) |
| 1th tertile | 1.05 (0.76–1.46) | 1.17 (0.77–1.78) | 1.42 (0.92–2.20) |
| Continuous variable‡ | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) | 0.97 (0.80–1.17) |
| TLBW | |||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd tertile | 1.17 (0.58–2.34) | 1.30 (0.62–2.73) | 1.34 (0.61–2.96) |
| 1th tertile | 1.09 (0.53–2.23) | 1.65 (0.80–3.37) | 2.37* 1.14–4.95) |
| Continuous variable‡ | 0.93 (0.64–1.35) | 0.94 (0.69–1.29) | 0.94 (0.69–0.97) |
| PB | |||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd tertile | 0.80 (0.56–1.16) | 1.04 (0.73–1.49) | 1.27 (0.90–1.81) |
| 1th tertile | 0.96 (0.66–1.38) | 0.80 (0.55–1.17) | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) |
| Continuous variable‡ | 1.07 (0.87–1.31) | 1.06 (0.89–1.25) | 1.06 (0.89–1.25) |
| SGA | |||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd tertile | 0.94 (0.68–1.29) | 1.04 (0.76–1.42) | 1.16 (0.84–1.59) |
| 1th tertile | 1.25 (0.91–1.72) | 1.07 (0.78–1.41) | 1.19 (0.87–1.65) |
| Continuous variable‡ | 0.92 (0.78–1.09) | 0.93 (0.81–1.08) | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) |
| Birth weight | |||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd tertile | 16.1 (−16.3–48.4) | 10.9 (−21.6–43.5) | 2.32 (−30.4–35.0) |
| 1th tertile | −19.3 (−51.9–13.2) | −17.1 (−49.9–15.8) | −13.2 (−45.9–19.5) |
| Continuous variable‡ | 13.2 (−3.7–30.2) | 11.2 (−3.1–25.5) | 10.9 (−3.18–25.1) |
| Gestation age | |||
| 3rd tertile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2nd tertile | 0.08 (−0.07–0.23) | 0.03 (−0.12–0.18) | 0.01 (−0.14–0.16) |
| 1th tertile | 0.02 (−0.14–0.17) | 0.16 (−0.01–0.31) | 0.12 (−0.14–0.16) |
| Continuous variable‡ | −0.03 (−0.11–0.05) | −0.07 (−0.14–0.01) | −0.07 (−0.15–0.01) |
LBW adjusted for: family status, education, maternal and paternal smoking, blood pressure, infant sex, parity, chronicle diseases, previous preterm birth, and body mass index. PB adjusted for: family status, education, maternal and paternal smoking, parity, renal diseases, previous preterm birth, and maternal stress. BW adjusted for maternal and paternal height, maternal active smoking, marital status, infant sex, gestation duration, parity, BMI, previous preterm birth, maternal diabetes and chronic hearth diseases. TLBW adjusted for: family status, education, maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, blood; pressure, infant sex, parity, previous preterm birth, and body mass index. SGA adjusted for: age, family status, education, maternal social status, maternal smoking, parity, previous preterm birth, and body mass index. Gestation age adjusted for: family status, education, maternal and paternal smoking, parity, renal diseases, previous preterm birth, and maternal stress.
ORs and 95% CIs are presented per IQR increase in greenness exposure.
p < 0.05.