Fig. 3.

Dysfunctional insulin signaling induced by AβOs provides one link to AD etiology. Diabetes causes a reduction in brain insulin and brain insulin signaling as well as an increase in glucose and lipids. This leads to an increase in Aβ production and a reduction in AβO clearance, causing a buildup of oligomers in the brain. As AβO levels rise, they bind synapses and cause neuronal damage, resulting in a decrease in insulin receptors and further reducing insulin signaling in brain cells. This vicious cycle results in cognitive failure and AD