. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 30.

Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2015 Jan 11;34(9):1441–1453. doi: 10.1002/sim.6421

Table 3.

The impact of the binary covariate X as it relates to (C,W)

Regression scenario^a	π _PP	${\hat{π}}_{pp}$	AR	Relative^b bias of ${\hat{μ}}_{1}$	Relative bias of ${\hat{μ}}_{0}$
X not related to W or C	0.6	0.57	0.64	0.19	0.16
X related to W	0.6	0.58	0.67	0.08	0.08
X related to W and C	0.6	0.62	0.65	0.08	0.09
X not related to W or C	0.7	0.65	0.68	0.15	0.18
X related to W	0.7	0.69	0.72	0.07	0.09
X related to W and C	0.7	0.73	0.73	0.08	0.10
X not related to W or C	0.8	0.75	0.77	0.11	0.21
X related to W	0.8	0.79	0.81	0.04	0.10
X related to W and C	0.8	0.72	0.76	0.09	0.17

Indicates which regression relationships were simulated and fit to the data

Relative bias of ${\hat{μ}}_{j} = ∣ (μ_{j} - {\hat{μ}}_{j}) ∕ μ_{j} ∣, j = 0, 1$