Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Dual Medicare and Medicare Enrollees with Diabetes in 2005 by State Drug Cap Status

	All		No Depression		Depressiona		p-value
	n=10992	%/sd	N=9638	88%	N=1354	12%
Race
White	6555	60%	5607	58%	948	70%	<0.0001
Asian	474	4%	461	5%	13	1%
Black	2340	21%	2141	22%	199	15%
Hispanic	1189	11%	1030	11%	159	12%
Native American	191	2%	170	2%	21	1%
Other	226	2%	212	2%	14	1%
Missing	17	<1%	17	<1%	0	0%
Age group (%)
65 and older	6617	60.198	6145	64%	472	35%	<0.0001
less than 65	4375	39.802	3493	36%	882	65%
Gender (%)
Female	7663	69.714	6683	69%	980	72%	0.0227
Male	3329	30.286	2955	31%	374	28%
Drug Cap Statusb
None	8095	74%	6962	72%	1133	84%	<0.0001
Strict Drug Caps	2897	26%	2676	28%	221	16%

^a: At least one hospital or two physician claims (within 12 months of each other) with ICD 9=296.2, 296.20, 296.21, 296.22, 296,23, 296.24, 296.25, 296.26, 296.3, 296.30, 296.31, 296.32, 296.33, 296.34, 296.35, 296.36, 296.82, 298.0, 300.4, 300.40, 301.12, 309, 309.0, 309.1, 309.28, or 311.

^b: State Medicaid program limited monthly drug coverage to five or fewer total prescriptions or to three or fewer brand name drugs during the 24-month baseline period, 2004–2005. Included in the no drug cap category are DC and 31 states, including AK, CO, CT, DE, FL, HI, IA, ID, IN, MA, MD, MI, MN, MO, MT, ND, NE, NH, NJ, NM, NV, OR, RI, SD, UT, VA, VT, WA, WI, WV, WY. The 4 strict cap states were: AR, MS, OK, TX. The following 11 states had less restrictive caps: AL, CA, GA, IL, KS, KY, ME, NC, NY, PA, SC. Three states were excluded from the study due to data anomalies: AZ, LA, OH. We also excluded one state due to the introduction of a drug cap during the baseline period: TN.