Table 1.
Patient-based factors for EP with lung cancer
| Authors | Design | Patient group | Comparator(s) | Associated | Not associated | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beckett et al (UK, England; 2014)11 | Observational (retrospective analysis of cancer audit data) | 25 675 EP patients (median age 74); 56% male | 99 522 elective referrals (median age 72); 57% male | Age—older (80 to >90 years, OR 1.11–1.68); deprivation—higher (OR 0.92, least deprived); performance status—poorer (PS 1–4, OR 1.58–7.28) | Comorbidity | S |
| [Linek et al] (USA; 2011)23 | Cross-sectional | 322 patients | Ethnicity—black, Hispanic (p=0.01) | I | ||
| Melling et al (UK, England; 2002)28 | Observational (retrospective analysis of cancer registry data, and medical records review) | 41 EP patients (27% aged >75); 59% male | 173 elective referrals with CXR (25% aged >75); 61% male 148 elective referrals without CXR (39% aged >75); 66% male | Gender—female (41.5% vs 39.3% vs 34.5%); symptoms—non-respiratory (respiratory 39% vs 86% vs 52%) | Age | S– |
| Pollock and Vickers (UK, England; 1998)16 | Observational (retrospective analysis of HES and census data) | 38 668 patients | Deprivation—higher (Q2-Q10, OR 1.21–2.20) | S | ||
| Raine et al (UK, England; 2010)18 | Observational (retrospective analysis of HES data) | 96 521 EP admissions (aged 50 to 90+); 59% male | 90 220 non-EP admissions (aged 50 to 90+); 62% male | Age—older (60 to ≥90 years, OR 1.23–11.03); gender—female (OR 1.12); deprivation—higher (OR 0.64, least deprived) | S | |
| Sikka and Ornato (USA; 2012)19 | Observational (retrospective analysis of cancer registry, health insurance and census data) | 2186 EP patients (28% aged >80); 55% male | 9095 non-emergency patients (22% aged >80); 57% male | Age—older (80 to ≥85 years, OR 1.33–1.52); gender—female (OR 1.13); ethnicity—African-American (OR 1.42); comorbidity (score 1 to 3+, OR 3.79–12.44); primary care use—lower (≥1 visit, OR 0.58); secondary care use—higher (≥1 admit, OR 1.21); ED use—higher (p<0.05) | Annual household income; Medicaid, Medicare insurance | S |
[Abstract only].
CXR, chest X-ray; EP, emergency presentation; HES, Hospital Episode Statistics; I, insufficient; M, moderate; S–, strong–; S, strong.