Table 1.
Changes in a number of heat shock proteins in various tissues as a function of aging in humans or animals, or as a function of neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Gender, species, and animal strain are included. Increases in heat shock proteins are indicated with a “+” sign and decreases are indicated with a “-“sign. Not included are examples of no change in heat shock protein levels. This table is not meant to be exhaustive
| mRNA/protein | Brain region | Finding | Condition | Gender, species, strain | Citation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hsp70 | Substantia nigra | + | Parkinson’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Hauser et al. 2005 |
| Inferior parietal lobule | + | Mild cognitive impairment | Male and female humans combined | Di Domenico et al. 2010 | |
| Blood | + | Mild cognitive impairment | No effect of gender in humans | Lee et al. 2008 | |
| Hippocampus | + | Alzheimer’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Sultana et al. 2007 | |
| Temporal cortex | + | Alzheimer’s disease | No effect of gender in humans | Yoo et al. 1999 | |
| Olfactory neurons | − | Decrease in Alzheimer’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Getchell et al. 1995 | |
| Olfactory neurons | − | Aging | Male and female humans combined | Getchell et al. 1995 | |
| Cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum | + | Aging | Male Wistar rats | Calabrese et al. 2004 | |
| Inferior colliculus | − | Aging | Male Fischer-344 rats | Helfert et al. 2002 | |
| Striatum and cortex | − | Aging | Male C57BL6 mice; Male F344/BN rats | Arumugam et al. 2010; Gupte et al. 2010 | |
| Blood | + | Aging | No gender difference in humans | Njemini et al. 2007 | |
| Hsc70 | Substantia nigra, amygdala | − | Parkinson’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Chu et al. 2009; Alvarez-Erviti et al. 2010; Mandel et al. 2005 |
| Blood | + | Parkinson’s disease | No effect of gender in humans | Molochnikov et al. 2012 | |
| Hippocampus | + | Aging in humans | Male and female humans combined | Tohgi et al. 1995 | |
| Striatum | − | Aging in female rats | Female Sprague–Dawley rats | Gleixner et al. 2014 | |
| Pons, medulla, striatum, nigra, thalamus | + | Aging in male rats | Male Wistar rats | Unno et al. 2000; Calabrese et al. 2004 | |
| mtHsp70 | Substantia nigra | − | Parkinson’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Jin et al. 2006 |
| GRP78 | Temporal cortex, hippocampus | + | Alzheimer’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Hoozemans et al. 2005; Hamos et al. 1991 |
| Temporal cortex | − | Alzheimer’s disease | Gender not specified in humans | Katayama et al. 1999 | |
| Substantia nigra | + | Aging | Male and female humans combined | Alladi et al. 2010 | |
| Cortex, striatum | − | Aging | Male C57BL6 mice | Arumugam et al. 2010 | |
| Cortex, hippocampus | − | Aging | Male C57B/6 J mice; Male Wistar rats | Hussain and Ramaiah 2007; Naidoo et al. 2008; Paz Gavilan et al. 2006 | |
| Hsp27 | Putamen, substantia nigra | + | Parkinson’s disease | No effect of gender in humans | Zhang et al. 2005 |
| Temporal cortex | + | Dementia with Lewy bodies | Male and female humans combined | Outeiro et al. 2006 | |
| Hippocampus | + | Parkinson’s disease with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease | No effect of gender in humans | Renkawek et al. 1994a; Renkawek et al. 1999 | |
| Inferior parietal lobule, hippocampus | + | Mild cognitive impairment | Male and female humans combined | Di Domenico et al. 2010 | |
| Temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes | + | Alzheimer’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Shinohara et al. 1993 | |
| Striatum, nigra, globus pallidus, cortex | + | Aging | Male and female FVB/NJ mice combined; Female Spraque-Dawley rats; Male F344/BN rats | Dickey et al. 2009; Gleixner et al. 2014; Gupte et al. 2010 | |
| Globus pallidus, nigra | + | Aging | Male and female rhesus monkeys combined | Schultz et al. 2001 | |
| Hsp32 | Hippocampus and cortex | + | Alzheimer’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Schipper et al. 2006 |
| Substantia nigra | + | Parkinson’s disease | Gender not specified in humans | Schipper et al. 1998 | |
| Cortex | + | Aging | Male and female humans combined | Hirose et al. 2003 | |
| Blood | + | Aging | No gender difference in humans | Njemini et al. 2007 | |
| Striatum | + | Middle age in female rats | Female Sprague–Dawley rats | Gleixner et al. 2014 | |
| Substantia nigra | − | Transient decrease with aging in female rats | Female Sprague–Dawley rats | Gleixner et al. 2014 | |
| Cortex and striatum | − | Aging in male mice | Male C57BL6 mice | Arumugam et al. 2010 | |
| Hsp90 | Cingulate cortex | + | Parkinson’s disease | No gender difference in humans | Uryu et al. 2006 |
| Temporal cortex | − | Alzheimer’s disease | Male and female humans combined | Yokota et al. 2006 | |
| Blood | − | Alzheimer’s disease | Gender not specified in humans | Gezen-Ak et al. 2013 | |
| Hippocampus | + | Aging | Male Mongolian gerbils | Lee et al. 2011 | |
| Blood | + | Aging | No gender difference in humans | Njemini et al. 2007 |