Table 1.
Models of ER hormesis
| Models | UPR manipulations | Consequences | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Photoreceptor and S2 cell survival: Drosophila | • ninaA mutation • Tunicamycin • XBP1 • BIP |
• Increased antioxidant and autophagic responses • Resistance to apoptosis |
Mendes et al. 2009; Fouillet et al. 2012 |
| Retinitis pigmentosa: Drosophila (Rh1P37H/RhP23H) | • VCP mutation • Eeyarestatin 1 • MG132 |
• Suppression of retinal degeneration and blindness | Griciuc et al. 2010 |
| Parkinson’s disease: 6-OHDA treatment of SH-SY5Y cells and mice Hu-α-synuclein in Drosophila |
• Tunicamycin | • Autophagy induction • DA neuron protection • Locomotor improvement • Locomotor improvement |
Fouillet et al. 2012 |
| Parkinson’s disease: 6-OHDA treatment of SH-SY5Y cells Hu-α-synuclein in C. elegans |
• LRRK2 induction • Bip • Lrk-1 |
• DA neuron protection | Yuan et al. 2011 |
| Parkinson’s disease: 6-OHDA treatment of SH-SY5Y cells |
• Tunicamycin • Thapsigargin • Bip • ATF4 |
• Antioxidant response • Heme oxygenase-1 upregulation |
Hara et al. 2011 |
| Parkinson’s disease: 6-OHDA treatment of mice |
• XBP1 mutation | • Adaptive response • DA neuron protection |
Valdes et al. 2014 |
| Huntington’s disease: Transgenic mice | • XBP1 mutation | • Adaptive response • Autophagy induction • DA neuron protection |
Vidal et al. 2012 |
| ALS: Transgenic mice |
• XBP1 mutation | • Adaptive response • Autophagy induction • Neuron protection |
Hetz et al. 2009 |
| Brain ischemia in rats | • Ischemic preconditioning | • UPR and autophagy induction | Sheng et al. 2012 |
| Myocardial ischemic/reperfusion injury in rats | • Tunicamycin • Thapsigargin |
• UPR and autophagy induction • Reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis • Reduced infarct size |
Petrovski et al. 2011 |
| Human umbilical vein endothelial cells | • Quercetin | • Protection against tunicamycin toxicity | Suganya et al. 2014 |
| Longevity in C. elegans | • Insulin/IGF-1 pathway mutation | • IRE1 and XBP1 induction • Lifespan extension • Resistance to ER stress |
Henis-Korenblit et al. 2010 |
| Viability in C. elegans | • HPL-2 mutation | • IRE1 and XBP1 induction • Resistance to ER stress |
Kozlowski et al. 2014 |
| Cancer: Constitutive Hedgehog signaling in Drosophila | • Temperature • Thapsigargin |
• Reduction of inappropriate Hedgehog signaling in smo mutants | Marada et al. 2013; Mollereau 2013 |