Table 1.

Studies conducted on buckling behavior of MT filaments, individually or in bundles (presented in chronological order of appearing in the literature)

	Critical load (Fcr)	Wavelength ($\mathit{\lambda }$)	Methods and conditions
Kurachi et al. (36)	≈ 1 pN	–	In vitro experiment on an individual MT by optical trapping forces method
Elbaum et al. (37)	10 pN (individual MT)	–	Micropipette aspiration of vesicles (Assumes Eulerian buckling to obtain flexural rigidity of MTs.)
	31 pN (MT Bundle)
Fygenson et al. (38)	≥ 2 pN	–	Eulerian buckling due to growth of confined MTs
Gittes et al. (27)	4–6 pN	–	Buckling of MTs due to the movement of kinesin motor molecule
Stamenović et al. (18)	≈ 27 pN	2.8 μm	MTs supported by continuous elastic intermediate filaments
Kerssemakers et al. (53)	1.2 ± 0.2 pN	–	Eulerian long-wavelength buckling
Kikumoto et al. (6)	0.11–1.35 pN	–	First mode Eulerian buckling
Howard (54)	5–20 pN	4–8 μm	Eulerian buckling with no supporting surrounding
Brangwynne et al. (2)	>100 pN	≈ 2 μm (theoretical)	In vivo experiments. Theoretical method assumes an MT surrounded by elastic cytoskeletal network
		≈ 3 μm (experimental)
Li (39)	232, 350, 500 pN	2.6, 2.2, 1.8 μm	MTs embedded in a viscoelastic cytoplasm
Jiang and Zhang (40)	On the order of 100 pN (212 pN for MT surrounded by viscoelastic cytoplasm)	≈ 3 μm (for viscoelastic surrounding)	MTs are assumed to be surrounded by whether elastic, viscous, or viscoelastic cytoplasm