Table 2.

Impact of diabetes on orthopaedic surgical subspecialties

Foot and ankle surgery

Increased risk of surgical site infection

Increased risk of nonunion, malunion and hardward failure

Increased risk of neuropathic ulcers

Spine surgery

Increased risk of surgical site infection

Increased risk of nonroutine discharges

Sports medicine

Impaired healing of soft tissues (ligaments and tendons)

Spontaneous necrosis of muscle

Total joint arthroplasty

Increased risk of surgical site infection

Increased risk of nonroutine discharges

Upper extremity

Increased risk of nerve compression syndromes

Increased risk of overuse syndromes

Inferior outcomes in rotator cuff repair and frozen shoulder