Table 2.

Effects of exercise on statin-induced myopathy

Subject or animal	Sex	Types of exercise (Duration)	Types of statins (doses)	Duration of statin treatment	Tissues	Results	References
Healthy subjects	Male	Acute eccentric treadmill exercise (1 hour)	Lovastatin (40 mg/day)	30 days	Serum	↔ CK	Reust et al., 1991 [38]
Healthy subjects	Both	Acute maximal treadmill exercise	Lovastatin (20 mg/day)	4 weeks	Serum	↔ CK	Thompson et al., 1991 [39]
Healthy subjects	Male	-Acute downhill treadmill walking (45 min) -Acute biceps curl exercise (10 RM, 4 sets)	Lovastatin (40 mg/day)	5 weeks	Serum	- Downhill treadmill: ↑ CK - Biceps exercise: ↔ CK	Thompson et al., 1997 [33]
Healthy subjects	Male	Acute eccentric contractions (30 min)	Atorvastatin (80 mg/day)	4 weeks	Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis)	↑ Ubiquitin proteasome pathway & catabolism	Urso et al., 2005 [34]
Patients with hypercholesterolemia	Both	Endurance and resistance exercise (10 weeks)	Rosuvastatin (10 mg/day)	20 weeks	Serum	↔ CK	Coen et al., 2009 [40]
Athletes with hypercholesterolemia	Both	Acute marathon	All statins (various doses)	6 months	Plasma	↑ Statin-related muscle injury (CK)	Parker et al., 2012 [35]
A healthy subject	Male	Acute aerobic exercise (1 h 42 min)	Simvastatin (10 mg/day)	6 months	Blood	↔ Lipoprotein & white blood cell concentrations	Semple, 2012 [41]
Obese subjects	Both	Aerobic exercise (12 weeks)	Simvastatin (40 mg/day)	12 weeks	-Whole body -Muscle biopsy (vastus lateralis)	↓ Cardiorespiratory fitness ↓ Muscle citrate synthase activity	Mikus et al., 2013 [36]
Rats	Female	Treadmill exercise (2 weeks)	Cerivastatin (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg/day)	2 weeks	Muscles	↑ Muscle damage	Seachrist et al., 2005 [37]
Mice	Male	Wheel running (4 weeks)	Cerivastatin (1 mg/kg/day)	2 weeks	Whole body	↓ Statin-associated force loss & increased fatigability	Meandor and Huey, 2011 [42]