Table 1.

Cardio-metabolic health outcomes measured among 25 Michigan residents in relation to fine particulate matter air pollution exposures in an urban environment

	Pre-exposure block period (Visit 1: Study day #5)	Exposure block period (Visit 2: Study day #16)	Post-exposure block period (Visit 3: Study day #23)	p^†
Microvascular Function
Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)	2.20 ± 0.72	2.05 ± 0.43	1.85 ± 0.40	0.14
Arterial Compliance and Hemodynamics
Brachial Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg)	116 ± 13	118 ± 14	120 ± 14	0.13
Brachial Diastolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg)	75 ± 10	76 ± 9	77 ± 9	0.17
Heart Rate (beats•min⁻¹)	72 ± 12	68 ± 10	72 ± 11	0.08
Central Aortic Systolic Blood Pressure (mm Hg)	106.9 ±12.6	107.5 ±13.3	109.1 ± 14.5	0.25
Augmentation Index @ HR 75 (%)	13.8 ± 13.5	14.1 ± 11.2	14.6 ± 10.7	0.83
Pulse Wave Velocity (m•sec⁻¹)	6.7 ± 1.3	6.5 ± 1.3	6.7 ± 1.4	0.96
Heart Rate Variability
Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Beats (SDNN) (msec)	57.3 ± 34.6	65.1 ± 29.2	61.1 ± 29.7	0.30
High Frequency Peak (msec²)	1217 ± 2274	1544 ± 3762	1225 ± 2014	0.73
Low Frequency Peak (msec²)	996 ± 1420	1168 ± 1364	1120 ± 1020	0.71
Low/High Frequency ratio	2.1 ± 2.2	2.4 ± 2.6	2.2 ± 2.2	0.38
Metabolic Blood Biomarkers
Glucose (mg•dl⁻¹)^*	84.0 ± 8.0, n=24	74.3 ± 6.3, n=23	78.5 ± 7.1, n=23	0.001
Insulin (µU•ml⁻¹)^*	15.1 ± 5.8, n=24	12.5 ± 4.6, n=24	15.1 ± 6.4, n=24	0.08
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)^*	3.26 ± 1.53, n=24	2.39 ± 0.98, n=24	2.79 ± 1.24, n=23	0.05
Adiponectin (ng•ml⁻¹)	7021 ± 3539	6652 ± 4082	6705 ± 3274	0.46

All data are presented as mean ± SD, n=25

Data <25 samples in Table 1 values represent the results excluding extreme outliers for insulin and glucose (changes > 2 SD from mean probably representing incomplete fasting state)

^†

P value represents significance of differences between the three measures determined using a general linear model repeated measures analysis of variance.