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. 2015 Mar 24;5:13. doi: 10.1186/s13578-015-0004-3

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© Wen et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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A schematic diagram showing the effects of Shh signaling during intestinal remodeling. Shh appears to enhance the proliferation of cells in all three tissue layers during metamorphosis. Shh receptors and downstream transcription factors are highly expressed in the connective tissue, which are likely responsible for the activation of the expression of BMP-4, Snai2, and Twist1. The connective tissue may in turn help to mediate the cell proliferation effects of Shh on the adult epithelial stem cells and the circular muscle cells. Cyclopamine directly inhibits Shh signaling in the epithelium and thus blocks all the effects of Shh.