. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 9.

Published in final edited form as: J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2013 Jan 23;23(3):315–321. doi: 10.1038/jes.2012.124

Table 2.

Results of single-pollutant models of outdoor air pollutants with birth outcomes and neonatal health care utilization in 2000, 2003, and 2006 Kids Inpatient Database.

Exposure	Outcome	OR/increment (95% CI)

Mean PM_2.5, month of birth (µg/m³)	Preterm birth	0.97 (0.96, 0.98)^***
	Low birth weight	1.10 (1.06, 1.14)^***
Mean NO₂, month of birth (p.p.b.)	Preterm birth	1.02 (1.01, 1.04)^**
Mean PM₁₀, month of birth (µg/m³)	Birth weight	+1.86 (+0.22, +3.50)^*
Mean PM_2.5, month of birth (µg/m³)	Very low birth weight	1.08 (1.05, 1.11)^***
	Term-low birth weight	1.12 (1.08, 1.16)^***
	Preterm-low birth weight	1.09 (1.04, 1.14)^**
Mean NO₂, month of birth (p.p.b.)	Preterm-low birth weight	1.26 (1.06, 1.50)^**
Mean PM₁₀, month of birth (µg/m³)	Preterm-low birth weight	1.02 (1.006, 1.04)^**
Mean CO, month of birth (p.p.m.)	Very low birth weight	1.35 (1.09, 1.65)^**
	Term-low birth weight	2.07 (1.19, 3.59)^**
	Preterm-low birth weight	1.48 (1.03, 2.14)^*
Mean O₃, month of birth (p.p.m.)	Very low birth weight	2.60 (1.40, 4.82)^**

Exposure	Outcome	Increment (95% CI)

Mean PM₁₀, month of birth (µg/m³)	Length of stay	−0.008 (−0.01, −0.002)^*
Mean NO₂, month of birth (p.p.b.)	Charges	+$310 (+$101, +526)^**
	Length of stay	−0.04 (−0.07, −0.01)^*
Mean CO, month of birth (p.p.m.)	Charges	+$2948 (+$1794, +$4179)^***
	Length of stay	+0.18 (+0.06, +0.30)^**
	Costs	+$1350 (+$616, +$2134)^***
Mean O₃, month of birth (p.p.m.)	Charges	+$3632 (+$2080, +$5315)^***

P < 0.05,

^**

P < 0.01,

^***

P < 0.0001.

All models control for race, primary expected payer, median income quartile for patient zip code, hospital region, admission month, teaching hospital status, and gender.