Table 5.

High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of tocotrienols

Sample no.	Source	Stationary/mobile phase	Detector	Elution order	Reference
	Foods, tissues	LiChrosorb Si 60, 5 μm 250 × 3.2 mm, hexane/isopropanol (99.8:0.2)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT	[61]
	Palm oils	ZorbaxSil, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, hexane/tetrahydrofuran/methanol (97.25:2.5:0.25)	Florescence, 298Excitation 325Emission	αT → αT3γT3 → δT3	[10]
	Corn grain	Ultrasphere Si, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, hexane/isopropanol (98.8:1.2)	Florescence, 205Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → γT → γT3 → δT	[62]
	Seed oils	Partisil PAC, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, hexane/tetrahydrofuran (94:6)	Florescence, 210Excitation 325Emission	αT → αT1 → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[63]
	Seed oils	Naphthylethylsilica, 5 μm, 750 × 0.53 mm, hexane/hexafluoroisopropanol (99.9:0.1)	UV 295 nm	αT → γT → T → δT	[64]
	Palm oils	ZorbaxSil, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, hexane/isopropanol (99:1)	UV 295 nm	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → γT3 → δT → δT3	[35]
	Seed oils, Cereals	LiChrospher 100 Diol, 5 μm 250 × 4.0 mm, hexane/t-butylmethyl ether (96:4)	Florescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γ3 → δT → δT3	[65]
	Stillingia oil	Nucleosil 50 Si, 5 μm 250 × 4.0 mm, hexane/dioxane (95:5)	Florescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	αT3 → βT → γT3 → δT3	[66]
	Foods	LiChrospher 100 Diol, 5 μm 250 × 4.0 mm, hexane → hexane/t-butylmethyl ether (97:3) → hexane/t-butylmethyl ether (95:5) (gradient elution)	Florescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	αT → AC -αT → αT3 → βT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[65]
	Rice bran	Supelcosil LC-Si, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm: (i) isooctane–ethyl acetate (97.5:2.5), (ii) isooctane/ethyl acetate/acetic acid/2,2-dimethoxypropane (98.15:0.9:0.85:0.1)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT-βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[60]
	Margarine	Hypersil Si, 5 μm 100 × 2.1 mm hexane/isopropanol (99.8:0.2)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → βT → γT → δT	[67]
	Vegetable oils	Cyclobond I, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, cyclohexane/diisopropyl ether (95:5)	Florescence, 298Excitation 345Emission	αT → ζT → βT → γT → δT	[44]
	Tissues	LiChrosorb Si 60, 5 μm 125 × 4.6 mm, hexane/dioxane (97:3)	Florescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[59]
	Soybean oil, wheat bran	Econosil Si, 10 μm 250 × 10 mm, hexane/tetrahydrofuran (gradient 0 → 15 % tetrahydrofuran)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	(i) αT → βT → γT → δT ii) αT3 → βT3 → γT3 → δT3	[60]
	Vegetable oils	LiChrosorb Si 60, 5 μm 250 × 4.0 mm, hexane/isopropanol (99.7:0.3)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[68]
	Foods	Nucleosil 100-5 NO2, 5 μm 250 × 4.0 mm, hexane → hexane/t-butylmethyl ether (98:2) → hexane/t-butylmethyl ether (98:2) → hexane/t-butylmethyl ether (85:15) (gradient elution)	Florescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	αT → AC → αT → αT3 → βT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[69]
	Foods	Chromega Diol, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, hexane/diisopropyl ether (95:5)	FL, 298Excitation 345Emission	αT → ζT → βT → γT → δT	[44]
	Tissues, diet	Supelcosil LC-Diol, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, hexane/isopropanol (99:1)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[70]
	Foods	Vydac C8, 10 μm 250 × 3.2 mm, methanol/water (95:5) + acetic acid	Florescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	δT → (β + γ)T → αT	[71]
	Feeds	Yanapack ODS-T C18, 5 μm 250 × 4.0 mm, methanol + 50 mM NaClO4	ED, +0.8 V	δT → (β + γ)T → αT	[72]
	Vegetable oils	Spheri-5 RP-18, 5 μm 100 × 2.1 mm, methanol/water (95:5)	UV, 300 nm	δT → (β + γ)T → αT	[73]
	Tissues	Ultrasphere ODS, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/ethanol (1:9) + 20 mM LiClO4	ED, +0.8 V	δT → γT → αT	[74]
	Tissues	Spherisorb ODS II, 3 μm 150 × 4.6 mm, methanol/water (96:4) + NaClO4	ED, +0.6 V	δT → γT → αT	[75]
	Tissues	Ultrasphere ODS, 5 μm 150 × 4.6 mm, isopropanol/acetonitrile/water/tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide/acetic acid (60:20:19.4:0.5:0.1)	ED, +0.3 V	δT → γT → αT	[76]
	tissues	Polymeric C18, 5 μm 750 × 0.53 mm, acetonitrile/hexane (91.5:8.5)	UV, 295 nm	δT → βT → γT → αT	[64]
	Palm oil	Zorbax ODS, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, acetonitrile/methanol/CH2Cl2 (60:35:5)	UV, 295 nm	δT3 → γT3 → αT3 → δT → (β + γ)T → αT	[35]
	Tissues	YMCPack-A-ODS, 5 μm 150 × 4.6 mm, isopropanol/water (65:35)	Florescence, 298Excitation 325Emission	δT → γT → βT → αT	[77]
	Tissues	Resolve C18, 5 μm 300 × 3.9 mm, acetonitrile/CH2Cl2/methanol/octanol (90:15:10:0.1)	UV, 300 nm	γT → αT	[78]
	Foods	Bakerbond C18, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, acetonitrile/methanol + ammonium acetate/ethyl acetate (gradient elution)	Florescence, 295Excitation 335Emission	ϵT → δT → γT → αT	[79]
	Tissues	Superspher 100RP-18, 4 μm 250 × 4 mm, methanol/ethanol (1:9) + 2.5 mM HClO4 + 7.5 mM NaClO4	ED, 0.35 V	δT → (β + γ)T → αT	[80]
	Tissues	Ultrasphere ODS, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, acetonitrile/tetrahydrofuran/methanol/1 % ammonium acetate (684:220:68:28)	Florescence, 298Excitation 328Emission	δT3 → (β + γ)T3 → αT3 → δT → (β + γ)T → αT	[59]
	Vegetable oils	Taxsil PFP, 5 μm, methanol/water (92:8)	UV, 290 nm	δT → βT → γT → αT	[81]
	Tissues	C18 Vydac201TP54, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/acetonitrile (9:1)	PDA, 200 nm → 800 nm	δT → αT	[82]
	Vegetable oils	Spherisorb ODS, 5 μm 250 × 4.5 mm, methanol/water (90:10) + NaClO4	ED, +0.6 V	(β + γ)T3 → (β + γ)T → αT	[68]
	Vegetable oils	Asahipak ODP, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, acetonitrile/water (85:15)	Florescence, 298Excitation 345Emission	δT → ζT → βT → γT → αT	[44]
	Vegetable oils	YMCPack-ODS-A, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/water (95:5)	Florescence, 298Excitation 345Emission	δT-AC → ζT-AC → βT-AC → γT-AC → αT-AC	[44]
	Tissues	Suplex pKb-100, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/t-butylmethyl ether/water (80:20:5)	PDA, 200 nm → 800 nm	αT-AC → γT → αT	[83]
	Foods	YMCPack-C30, 3 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, acetone/water + AgClO4 (90:10) → (100:0) (gradient elution)	UV, 295 nm MS	δT → γT → βT → αT → αT-AC	[84]
	Tissues	Microsorb MV-C18, 3 μm 100 × 4.6 mm A: methanol/water (3:1) + ammonium acetate B: methanol/CH2Cl2 (4:1) A → B → B (gradient elution)	PDA, 200 nm → 800 nm	γT → αT	[85]
	Tissues	Asahipak ODP, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, acetonitrile–water (70:30)	Florescence, 290Excitation 330Emission	δ1T3 → δ2T3 → δ3T3 → δ4T3 → β1T3 → γ1T3 → β2T3 → γ2T3 → β3T3 → γ3T3 → β4T3 → γ4T3 → α1T3 → α2T3 → α3T3 → α4T3	[86]
	Palm oil	YMCPack-C30, 3 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol	UV, 295 NMR. MS	δT3 → γT3 → βT3 → αT3 → αT1 → αT	[87]
	Tissues	Ultrasphere ODS, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/water/ethanol + 0.2 % LiClO4 (gradient elution)	ED, 0.5 V	γT3 → αT3 → γT → αT	[88]
	Tissues	Hypersil ODS, 5 μm 150 × 4.6 mm, methanol/water (96:4)	Florescence, 296Excitation 340Emission	ϵT → δT → γT → αT	[89]
	Tissues	SuperPacPeP-S RPC2/C18, 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/ethanol/isopropanol (88:24:10) + 13 mM LiClO4	ED, +0.6 V	γT3 → γT → αT	[90]
	Vegetable oils	Silica Sep-pak, mu-Bondapak RPC2/C18 column 5 μm 250 × 4.6 mm, methanol/water (95:5)	Florescence, 296Excitation 340Emission	δT3 → γT3 → βT3 → αT3 → αT1 → αT	[91]
	Synthetic α-tocotrienol	Chiralcel OD-H column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 mm particle size, adsorbent cellulose derivated with 3,5-dimethyl phenyl carbamate), 0.05 % 2-propanol in isohexane	Fluorescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	RS, Z-Z-αT3 → E/Z-αT3 → E/Z-αT3 → E-E-αT3 → E-E-αT3 → E/Z-αT3 → E/Z-αT3 → Z-Z-αT3 → f E/Z-αT3 → S, E-E-αT3 → R, E-E-αT3	[92]
	Vegetable oils	(i) polymethacrylic adsorbent I.D. column 150 × 4.6 mm, 10 μm (ii) silica-based I.D. column 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm: (i) hexane–EtOH (98:2), (ii) hexane–EtOH (99:1)	UV, 254 nm	αT → αT3 → βT → βT3γT → γT3 → δT → δT3	[93]
	Tissues	MicrosorbuMV C18, 12 cm, 3 μm, 100 A column, methanol/ethanol (1:3) containing 20 mM lithium perchlorate	LC-4B amperometric detector, 500 mV	αT3 → γT3 → αT → γT	[94]
	Chicken meat	Lichrosphere Si 100 silica column (5 μm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm)	Fluorescence, 295Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[95]
	Hazelnuts	Inertsil 5 SI column (250 × 3 mm), hexane/1,4-dioxane (95.5:4.5)	Diode array detector (DAD) connected in series with an FP-920 fluorescence detector, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → βT3 → γT → γT3 → δT → δT3	[41]
	Olive oils	Inertsil 5 SI normal-phase column (250 mm × 3 mm I.D.), 1,4-dioxane/n-hexane (3.5:96.5, v/v)	(i) Diode array detector (DAD) connected in series with an FP-920 fluorescence detector, 290Excitation 330Emission, (ii) UV, 295 nm; (iii) ELSD (evaporator temperature 40 °C; air pressure 3 bar; and photomultiplier sensitivity 4)	αT → βT → γT → δT → αT3	[96]
	Sea Buckthorn	Phenomenex Luna 5 μm silica (2) 100A, 250 × 4.60 mm column with a Security Guard silica 4 mm L × 3.0 mm precolumn, n-hexane/ethyl acetate/acetic acid (97.3:1.8:0.9)	Fluorescence detector, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[97]
	Simvastatin-tocotrienolrich fraction nanoparticle	RP-C18 column (4.6 mm × 100 mm), water/methanol (15:85, gradient elution)	UV, 238 nm, 295 nm	δT3 → γT3 → αT3 → αT	[98]
	Vegetable oils	Nano-C18 silica monolithic column (150 mm × 0.1 mm), acetonitrile/methanol/water (acidified with 0.2 % acetic acid)	UV, 295 nm	αT → γT → δT	[99]
	Rice bran	Inertsil CN-3, SIL-100A 5 μM (4.6 mm × 250 mm) column hexane/isopropanol/ethylacetate/acetic acid (97.6:0.8:0.8:0.8)	UV, 295 nm	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[100]
	Palm oils	Silica column, 4.6 mm I.D. × 250 mm: (i) hexane/THF/IPA (95:4:1), (ii) heptane/ethyl acetate (95:5)	Photodiode array detector, 280 nm	αT, αT3, γT, and γT3, and δT3	[52]
	Rose hips	Phenomenex Luna 5 μm silica (2) 100A, 250 × 4.60 mm column with a Security Guard silica 4 mm L × 3.0 mm precolumn, n-hexane/ethyl acetate/acetic acid (97.3:1.8:0.9)	Fluorescence detector, 290Excitation 330Emission	αT → αT3 → βT → γT → βT3 → γT3 → δT → δT3	[101]