Table 4.
Vascular risk factors according to frailty in 1061 older British men aged 71–92 years without established cardiovascular disease
| Not frail | Pre-frail | Frail | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Obesity | |||
| BMI ≥30 kg/m2 n (%) | 56 (16%) | 113 (20%) | 25 (18%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.41 (0.99 to 2.02) | 1.37 (0.79 to 2.34) |
| High waist circumference (>102 cm) n (%) | 107 (31%) | 226 (40%) | 62 (43%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.62 (1.21 to 2.16) | 2.08 (1.37 to 3.18) |
| Lipid profile | |||
| Low HDL (<1.04 mmol/L) n (%) | 32 (10%) | 69 (13%) | 30 (21%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.34 (0.85 to 2.09) | 2.60 (1.47 to 4.61) |
| High LDL (>4 mmol/L) n (%) | 44 (14%) | 60 (11%) | 15 (11%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.51 to 1.20) | 0.77 (0.40 to 1.48) |
| High triglycerides (≥2.3 mmol/L) n (%) | 22 (7%) | 52 (9%) | 17 (12%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.52 (0.90 to 2.57) | 2.18 (1.09 to 4.36) |
| Blood pressure | |||
| Hypertension n (%) | 208 (61%) | 380 (66%) | 98 (67%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.94 to 1.66) | 1.17 (0.77 to 1.79) |
| High heart rate | |||
| High heart rate (top quintile ≥77 beats/min) n (%) | 54 (16%) | 128 (23%) | 40 (27%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.55 (1.08 to 2.21) | 1.98 (1.22 to 3.21) |
| Impaired fasting glucose | |||
| Glucose (>6.1 and <7.0 mmol/L) n (%) | 41 (13%) | 68 (13%) | 20 (15%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.59 to 1.37) | 0.91 (0.49 to 1.68) |
| WCC | |||
| Total WCC (top quintile ≥8.12×109/L) | 37 (12%) | 117 (21%) | 32 (23%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.94 (1.29 to 2.90) | 1.93 (1.12 to 3.34) |
| Lung function | |||
| Low FEV1 (bottom quintile ≤1.91 L) n (%) | 41 (12%) | 91 (17%) | 42 (24%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.82 to 1.86) | 2.47 (1.46 to 4.18) |
| Low haemoglobin | |||
| Haemoglobin (<13 g/dl) n (%) | 50 (15%) | 86 (15%) | 46 (31%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.94 (0.64 to 1.38) | 2.08 (1.28 to 3.38) |
| Renal function | |||
| eGFR (<60 mmL/min) n (%) | 38 (12%) | 103 (19%) | 45 (32%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.44 (0.95 to 2.17) | 2.41 (1.43 to 4.05) |
| Albumin | |||
| Low albumin (bottom quintile ≤42 g/L) n (%) | 30 (9%) | 110 (20%) | 33 (23%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 2.16 (1.40 to 3.34) | 2.26 (1.28 to 3.98) |
| Liver enzymes | |||
| Low ALT (bottom quintile ≤13 IU/L) n (%) | 41 (13%) | 97 (18%) | 45 (32%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.85 to 1.90) | 2.32 (1.39 to 3.87) |
| High GGT (top quintile ≥40 IU/L) n (%) | 55 (17%) | 103 (19%) | 39 (28%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.16 (0.81 to 1.68) | 2.03 (1.24 to 3.33) |
| Bone profile | |||
| High ALP (top quintile ≥88 IU/L) n (%) | 47 (15%) | 115 (21%) | 38 (27%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.48 (1.02 to 2.16) | 1.96 (1.18 to 3.26) |
| High phosphate (top quintile ≥1.21 mmol/L) n (%) | 49 (15%) | 101 (18%) | 37 (26%) |
| Sodium | |||
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.86 to 1.83) | 2.01 (1.21 to 3.33) |
| Low sodium (<138 mmol/L) n (%) | 25 (8%) | 44 (8%) | 20 (14%) |
| OR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.89 (0.53 to 1.51) | 1.42 (0.73 to 2.77) |
All ORs are age-adjusted.
ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, alanine transaminase; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; GGT, γ-glutamyltransferase; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; WCC, white cell count.