Table 5.
Percent Incidence and Odds Ratio for Need for Nursing Facilities Including Long‐Term Acute Care/Subacute Nursing/Extended Care Facility Among Hospital Survivors According to ZIP Code–Based Socioeconomic Quartiles Stratified by Sex, Race, or Age
| ZIP Code Quartile | N | Percent Incidence | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 98 827 | 41.02 | Reference | |
| Quartile 2 | 89 772 | 40.85 | 0.97 (0.94 to 0.99) | 0.028 |
| Quartile 3 | 80 387 | 40.56 | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.97) | <0.001 |
| Quartile 4 | 69 254 | 39.35 | 0.88 (0.83 to 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Females | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 117 746 | 48.30 | Reference | |
| Quartile 2 | 104 804 | 50.14 | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 0.54 |
| Quartile 3 | 92 259 | 50.71 | 0.99 (0.96 to 1.02) | 0.41 |
| Quartile 4 | 77 804 | 50.71 | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) | 0.038 |
| Whites | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 97 299 | 47.61 | Reference | |
| Quartile 2 | 110 541 | 46.98 | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.99) | 0.009 |
| Quartile 3 | 103 601 | 46.92 | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.97) | <0.001 |
| Quartile 4 | 97 832 | 46.54 | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Nonwhites | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 74 877 | 41.90 | Reference | |
| Quartile 2 | 37 562 | 41.33 | 1.00 (0.96 to 1.04) | 0.94 |
| Quartile 3 | 32 149 | 41.10 | 0.96 (0.91 to 0.99) | 0.042 |
| Quartile 4 | 25 158 | 40.63 | 0.92 (0.85 to 0.98) | 0.038 |
| Age ≥75 y | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 90 681 | 58.98 | Reference | |
| Quartile 2 | 92 160 | 59.62 | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 0.61 |
| Quartile 3 | 85 461 | 59.43 | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.39 |
| Quartile 4 | 78 412 | 57.98 | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.97) | 0.004 |
| Age <75 y | ||||
| Quartile 1 | 125 930 | 34.89 | Reference | |
| Quartile 2 | 102 448 | 33.46 | 0.97 (0.94 to 0.99) | 0.044 |
| Quartile 3 | 87 205 | 32.80 | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.98) | 0.001 |
| Quartile 4 | 68 688 | 30.93 | 0.90 (0.84 to 0.95) | 0.001 |
All quartiles were based on the median household income of the respective ZIP code. All comparisons were drawn with reference to the lowest‐income quartile. All analyses have been adjusted for age, sex, race, 29 Elixhauser comorbidities, and other relevant comorbidities including smoking, dyslipidemia, primary payor, year of admission, and hospital characteristics. Quartile 1, $1 to $38 999; quartile 2, $39 000 to $47 999; quartile 3, $48 000 to $63 000; quartile 4, ≥$63 000. Quartile 1 reflects the lowest‐income quartile, and quartile 4 reflects the highest‐income quartile.