TABLE 1.
Maternal demographics, by mother’s ethnicity and nativity, (%)a
| Maternal | Total | Asian Indian | Vietnamese | East Asianb | Filipina | Mexican | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB |
| N | 463,136 | 133,552 | 459 | 3,947 | 169 | 2,692 | 377 | 2,874 | 568 | 2,900 | 12,810 | 9,575 |
| Mother’s age (years) | ||||||||||||
| <20 | 12.5 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 0.6 | 15.4 | 1.3 | 2.9 | 0.7 | 6.0 | 1.7 | 26.4 | 9.5 |
| 20–34 | 75.0 | 74.3 | 83.2 | 83.0 | 83.4 | 76.6 | 79.6 | 69.0 | 81.5 | 68.0 | 68.6 | 73.7 |
| ≥35 | 12.5 | 21.7 | 10.5 | 16.4 | 1.2 | 22.1 | 17.5 | 30.4 | 12.5 | 30.3 | 4.9 | 16.9 |
| N missing | 8 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Mother’s education (years) | ||||||||||||
| <12 | 17.0 | 15.6 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 11.8 | 21.3 | 2.9 | 6.6 | 5.3 | 3.2 | 42.2 | 55.8 |
| 12 | 32.3 | 31.3 | 15.7 | 10.8 | 27.2 | 34.1 | 12.2 | 19.2 | 14.6 | 14.0 | 34.0 | 26.8 |
| >12 | 50.7 | 53.1 | 78.6 | 85.6 | 60.9 | 44.7 | 84.9 | 74.2 | 80.1 | 82.8 | 23.7 | 17.5 |
| N missing | 1,392 | 1,135 | 1 | 19 | 0 | 27 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 24 |
| Mother married | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 55.1 | 68.7 | 79.1 | 96.1 | 60.4 | 77.1 | 82.0 | 89.5 | 73.6 | 85.9 | 44.9 | 62.4 |
| No | 44.9 | 31.3 | 20.9 | 3.9 | 39.6 | 22.9 | 18.0 | 10.5 | 26.4 | 14.1 | 55.1 | 37.6 |
| N missing | 10 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Insurance status | ||||||||||||
| Medicaid | 46.4 | 37.8 | 25.7 | 14.5 | 52.7 | 38.5 | 16.2 | 18.8 | 22.6 | 13.8 | 68.2 | 46.5 |
| Private | 49.7 | 49.9 | 71.7 | 77.6 | 42.6 | 48.2 | 80.4 | 68.4 | 72.1 | 79.0 | 25.1 | 25.4 |
| None | 2.7 | 10.7 | 2.4 | 7.0 | 4.7 | 12.1 | 2.7 | 10.6 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 24.9 |
| Other | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 1.9 | 3.2 |
| N missing | 1,107 | 627 | 3 | 20 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 19 | 1 | 1 | 22 | 41 |
| WIC status | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 41.8 | 42.4 | 20.1 | 13.7 | 48.5 | 28.9 | 12.1 | 17.4 | 22.2 | 17.9 | 64.4 | 64.3 |
| No | 58.2 | 57.6 | 79.9 | 86.3 | 51.5 | 71.1 | 87.9 | 82.6 | 77.8 | 82.1 | 35.6 | 35.7 |
| N missing | 4,297 | 1,799 | 16 | 84 | 0 | 79 | 4 | 36 | 6 | 25 | 68 | 72 |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 43.6 | 41.0 | 50.8 | 45.8 | 58.6 | 43.5 | 52.0 | 49.6 | 49.0 | 43.1 | 39.3 | 28.4 |
| 1–2 | 47.1 | 50.5 | 45.1 | 50.4 | 37.9 | 50.9 | 44.0 | 47.6 | 46.6 | 50.6 | 46.2 | 51.7 |
| >2 | 9.3 | 8.5 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 5.5 | 4.0 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 6.2 | 14.5 | 19.9 |
| N missing | 2,113 | 763 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 14 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 10.9 | 1.2 | 2.4 | 0.4 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 0.5 |
| No | 89.1 | 98.8 | 97.6 | 99.6 | 94.6 | 99.4 | 96.7 | 98.2 | 97.5 | 98.7 | 96.3 | 99.5 |
| N missing | 12,173 | 753 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 28 | 16 | 16 | 217 | 21 |
| Height in inches (mean) | 64.7 | 63.8 | 63.5 | 63.1 | 62.7 | 61.6 | 63.4 | 63.3 | 62.7 | 61.9 | 62.9 | 62.3 |
| Body mass indexc (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 13.6 | 19.7 | 8.8 | 15.6 | 4.4 | 9.1 | 3.9 | 2.9 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 50.7 | 55.2 | 63.8 | 61.9 | 66.3 | 71.8 | 68.2 | 71.7 | 61.4 | 69.2 | 42.3 | 46.8 |
| 25–29.9 | 22.9 | 25.3 | 17.0 | 23.0 | 16.0 | 7.1 | 15.6 | 10.5 | 23.8 | 17.0 | 25.4 | 30.2 |
| 30–34.9 | 11.8 | 9.9 | 7.2 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 5.8 | 1.8 | 7.0 | 3.7 | 16.0 | 13.3 |
| 35–39.9 | 5.4 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 7.1 | 4.8 |
| ≥ 40 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 2.0 |
| GDMc | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 4.3 | 6.0 | 5.4 | 12.2 | 7.1 | 10.1 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 6.0 | 11.2 | 4.5 | 8.1 |
| No | 95.7 | 94.0 | 94.6 | 87.8 | 92.9 | 89.9 | 93.9 | 91.8 | 94.0 | 88.8 | 95.5 | 91.9 |
| Cuban |
Central/S, American |
Other Hispanic |
Non-Hisp White |
Non-Hisp Black |
Haitian | |||||||
| Characteristic | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB | U.S. | FB |
| N | 14,375 | 19,703 | 8,208 | 33,714 | 5,892 | 8,332 | 310,915 | 19,934 | 106,807 | 13,909 | 2,556 | 15,972 |
| Mother’s age (years) | ||||||||||||
| <20 | 10.4 | 4.9 | 15.8 | 3.8 | 16.6 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 2.2 | 20.6 | 5.2 | 21.0 | 3.9 |
| 20–34 | 77.4 | 75.1 | 74.4 | 74.1 | 75.0 | 77.3 | 75.7 | 72.1 | 73.2 | 74.2 | 75.6 | 75.0 |
| ≥35 | 12.2 | 20.0 | 9.9 | 22.1 | 8.4 | 18.6 | 15.2 | 25.7 | 6.2 | 20.6 | 3.4 | 21.1 |
| N missing | 3 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Mother’s education (years) | ||||||||||||
| <12 | 10.9 | 10.4 | 13.0 | 13.8 | 16.4 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 5.0 | 25.3 | 10.1 | 16.1 | 27.9 |
| 12 | 26.0 | 46.4 | 28.9 | 29.9 | 29.0 | 30.9 | 29.3 | 22.9 | 42.3 | 32.9 | 31.5 | 37.7 |
| >12 | 63.1 | 43.2 | 58.1 | 56.3 | 54.6 | 56.8 | 57.1 | 72.1 | 32.4 | 57.0 | 52.4 | 34.4 |
| N missing | 20 | 46 | 19 | 230 | 18 | 85 | 721 | 92 | 583 | 269 | 14 | 327 |
| Mother married | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 66.1 | 58.5 | 57.3 | 71.3 | 52.3 | 70.6 | 66.3 | 84.6 | 22.5 | 51.4 | 33.7 | 58.3 |
| No | 33.9 | 41.5 | 42.7 | 28.7 | 47.7 | 29.4 | 33.7 | 15.4 | 77.5 | 48.6 | 66.3 | 41.7 |
| N missing | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Insurance status | ||||||||||||
| Medicaid | 33.2 | 54.9 | 43.7 | 32.0 | 49.9 | 38.6 | 37.5 | 21.6 | 71.4 | 44.0 | 68.7 | 51.8 |
| Private | 65.0 | 40.9 | 53.1 | 53.8 | 46.1 | 51.5 | 58.3 | 68.7 | 25.8 | 47.2 | 27.5 | 30.4 |
| None | 1.4 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 12.6 | 2.9 | 8.5 | 2.9 | 8.3 | 1.9 | 7.4 | 3.5 | 15.5 |
| Other | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 2.3 |
| N missing | 21 | 48 | 14 | 139 | 12 | 36 | 745 | 83 | 282 | 104 | 7 | 122 |
| WIC status | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 28.8 | 50.6 | 39.9 | 38.4 | 47.5 | 40.4 | 32.9 | 18.7 | 66.6 | 48.2 | 65.1 | 71.4 |
| No | 71.2 | 49.4 | 60.1 | 61.6 | 52.5 | 59.6 | 67.1 | 81.3 | 33.4 | 51.8 | 34.9 | 28.6 |
| N missing | 85 | 190 | 45 | 333 | 61 | 132 | 2,695 | 232 | 1,300 | 246 | 17 | 370 |
| Parity | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 48.7 | 45.9 | 52.0 | 42.7 | 49.8 | 39.3 | 44.8 | 45.6 | 38.5 | 37.3 | 54.8 | 34.1 |
| 1–2 | 46.8 | 51.1 | 43.3 | 51.0 | 43.7 | 53.2 | 48.0 | 48.2 | 45.4 | 50.0 | 40.0 | 49.9 |
| >2 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 4.7 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 7.5 | 7.2 | 6.2 | 16.1 | 12.6 | 5.2 | 16.1 |
| N missing | 34 | 70 | 17 | 191 | 4 | 30 | 562 | 69 | 1,470 | 195 | 14 | 166 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 14.2 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 0.3 |
| No | 98.0 | 99.3 | 98.5 | 99.5 | 96.0 | 99.0 | 85.8 | 95.2 | 95.2 | 99.3 | 99.0 | 99.7 |
| N missing | 155 | 107 | 104 | 151 | 104 | 49 | 9,968 | 277 | 1,577 | 59 | 15 | 32 |
| Height in inches (mean) | 64.0 | 63.7 | 63.6 | 63.4 | 63.8 | 63.7 | 64.8 | 64.4 | 64.8 | 64.9 | 64.7 | 65.0 |
| BMIc(kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| <18.5 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.9 | 5.3 | 6.0 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.1 |
| 18.5–24.9 | 52.0 | 53.1 | 53.3 | 59.0 | 50.2 | 58.4 | 54.3 | 63.6 | 40.8 | 45.4 | 44.8 | 41.5 |
| 25–29.9 | 24.4 | 27.4 | 25.9 | 24.8 | 24.5 | 24.1 | 21.8 | 19.9 | 25.4 | 28.7 | 25.6 | 33.1 |
| 30–34.9 | 12.4 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 8.8 | 12.8 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 6.7 | 15.0 | 13.6 | 14.9 | 15.8 |
| 35–39.9 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 2.5 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 7.8 | 5.4 | 7.5 | 4.7 |
| ≥40 | 3.0 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 1.6 |
| GDMc | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 3.3 | 5.3 | 3.4 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 6.9 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 5.5 | 2.5 | 5.9 |
| No | 96.7 | 94.7 | 96.6 | 95.1 | 95.4 | 93.1 | 95.4 | 94.9 | 96.5 | 94.5 | 97.5 | 94.1 |
FB, foreign born; GDM, gestational diabetes; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
a
Percentages in the table are percentages of live, singleton deliveries that are not missing values of the characteristic.
b
Chinese, Japanese, Korean.
c
Counts of records with missing values of BMI or GDM status are not shown because deliveries with missing values of these variables were excluded from the study.