Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and laboratory measures between living and deceased DHS participants with type 2 diabetes and CAC scores >1,000 (n = 371)
| Patients |
HR (95% CI) | P value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 371) | Living (n = 218) | Deceased (n = 153) | |||
| Demographic information | |||||
| Age (years) | 65.5 ± 8.2 | 63.7 ± 7.6 | 68.2 ± 8.2 | 1.06 (1.04–1.09) | 1.72 × 10−7 |
| Male sex (%) | 70.1 | 70.6 | 69.3 | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | 0.70 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.0 ± 6.3 | 32.3 ± 5.8 | 31.5 ± 6.9 | 0.73 (0.50–1.07) | 0.11 |
| Current smoking (%) | 14.6 | 12.4 | 17.6 | 1.38 (0.85–2.21) | 0.19 |
| Pack-years (among smokers) | 41.9 ± 32.1 | 39.5 ± 31.3 | 44.9 ± 32.8 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.68 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 12.6 ± 8.0 | 11.6 ± 7.0 | 13.9 ± 9.0 | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.02 |
| Self-reported prior CVD (%) | 68.5 | 68.3 | 68.6 | 0.94 (0.64–1.39) | 0.76 |
| Laboratory measures | |||||
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 70 ± 17 | 69 ± 16 | 71 ± 18 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02 | 0.11 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | |||||
| Systolic | 141 ± 21 | 141 ± 18 | 141 ± 24 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.34 |
| Diastolic | 71 ± 11 | 72 ± 10 | 70 ± 12 | 0.99 (0.97–1.01) | 0.35 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 148 ± 56 | 148 ± 53 | 147 ± 61 | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | 0.30 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 ± 1.5 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 7.8 ± 1.8 | 1.99 (0.66–5.97) | 0.22 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 59.4 ± 16.8 | 57.5 ± 14.2 | 62.2 ± 19.6 | 1.55 (0.70–3.47) | 0.22 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 179 ± 42 | 174 ± 42 | 186 ± 42 | 2.24 (1.09–4.60) | 0.03 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 99 ± 32 | 95 ± 31 | 105 ± 32 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.01 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 40 ± 11 | 40 ± 10 | 41 ± 12 | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | 0.37 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 207 ± 135 | 200 ± 126 | 278 ± 146 | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.80 |
| UACR (mg/g) | 143.3 ± 413.8 | 106.9 ± 389.3 | 195.8 ± 442.9 | 1.24 (1.12–1.37) | 3.89 × 10−5 |
| eGFR | 65.5 ± 19.3 | 67.8 ± 17.3 | 62.1 ± 21.4 | 4.78 (2.38–9.62) | 1.18 × 10−5 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 5.7 ± 10.2 | 4.5 ± 8.1 | 7.5 ± 12.6 | 2.14 (1.33–3.43) | 0.002 |
| Subclinical CVD | |||||
| CAC | 4,489 ± 4,204 | 4,088 ± 4,421 | 5,051 ± 3,816 | 1.44 (1.14–1.81) | 0.002 |
| CarCP | 657 ± 913 | 506 ± 790 | 871 ± 1,028 | 1.29 (1.17–1.42) | 2.79 × 10−7 |
| AACP | 22,457 ± 19,458 | 19,410 ± 18,410 | 28,101 ± 20,171 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 4.82 × 10−6 |
| Derived multibed score | 3.89 ± 3.03 | 3.34 ± 2.93 | 4.91 ± 2.98 | 2.31 (1.67–3.19) | 3.43 × 10−7 |
| Carotid IMT | 0.726 ± 0.151 | 0.704 ± 0.146 | 0.757 ± 0.154 | 1.30 (1.12–1.51) | 0.0008 |
| Medication use† (%) | |||||
| Cholesterol-lowering drug | 60.6 | 67.9 | 50.3 | 1.68 (1.19–2.39) | 0.004 |
| Antihypertensive | 84.9 | 84.9 | 85.0 | 1.05 (0.65–1.68) | 0.85 |
| ACE/angiotensin receptor blocker | 67.1 | 69.2 | 64.1 | 1.31 (0.92–1.87) | 0.14 |
| Insulin | 34.5 | 33.5 | 35.9 | 0.90 (0.62–1.30) | 0.57 |
| Oral hypoglycemics | 79.2 | 79.8 | 78.4 | 0.98 (0.64–1.50) | 0.92 |
Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. Hazard ratios (HRs) are for an SD change in the predictor (continuous variables) or change in group assignment (dichotomous variables).
*P values for difference between living and deceased groups were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models with sandwich-based variance estimation and appropriately transformed continuous variables.
†Medication use HRs are presented to reflect risk for mortality among those individuals not using the designated medication classes.