Table 2.
Association between key demographic characteristics and known CVD risk factors and outcome among DHS participants with CAC >1,000
| Characteristics | Model 1* |
Model 2† |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P value | HR (95% CI) | P value | Additional confounders | |
| Duration of diabetes (years)‡ | 1.18 (1.01–1.39) | 0.04 | — | — | — |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.36 (1.16–1.60) | 0.0002 | 1.36 (1.15–1.61) | 0.0004 | Insulin, oral hypoglycemic medications |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 1.30 (1.10–1.55) | 0.0009 | 1.27 (1.07–1.49) | 0.006 | Cholesterol-lowering medication |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 1.26 (1.08–1.46) | 0.003 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 0.03 | Cholesterol-lowering medication |
| UACR (mg/g) | 1.36 (1.17–1.58) | 6.39 × 10−5 | 1.37 (1.17–1.60) | 9.22 × 10−5 | ACE/ARB medications |
| eGFR | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 0.003 | 1.35 (1.11–1.64) | 0.003 | ACE/ARB medications |
| CRP (mg/L) | 1.44 (1.21–1.70) | 2.75 × 10−5 | 1.44 (1.21–1.70) | 3.45 × 10−6 | BMI |
| CAC | 1.23 (1.05–1.45) | 0.01 | 1.29 (1.08–1.55) | 0.006 | Duration of diabetes, current smoking, dyslipidemia, CRP, UACR |
| CarCP | 1.38 (1.16–1.64) | 0.0002 | 1.63 (1.29–2.06) | 3.89 × 10−5 | |
| AACP | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) | 0.06 | 1.31 (1.03–1.67) | 0.03 | |
| Carotid IMT | 1.15 (0.98–1.34) | 0.09 | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) | 0.44 | |
| Derived multibed score | 1.39 (1.15–1.69) | 0.0008 | 1.55 (1.25–1.93) | 8.02 × 10−5 | |
| No cholesterol-lowering medication | 1.44 (1.05–1.96) | 0.02 | — | — | — |
Hazard ratios (HRs) are for an SD change in the predictor (continuous variables) or change in group assignment (dichotomous variables).
*Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex; all continuous variables were standardized to compare effects relative to each other.
†Model 2 was adjusted for age, sex, and other relevant confounders, as appropriate.
‡Adjusted for sex only. ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker.