Table 4.
Acquired and Heritable Mutations in FGFs and FGFRs in Malignancy
| Gene Name | Mutation | Type of Cancer | Selected References |
|---|---|---|---|
| (a) Contributions of FGFs to malignancy (in vivo) | |||
| FGF1 | Amplification | Ovarian cancer | 648 |
| FGF2 | Over expression | Bladder cancer, Prostate cancer, Small cell lung carcinoma, Melanoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma | 649–653 |
| FGF3 | Amplification | Breast cancer | 654 |
| FGF4 | Amplification | Breast cancer | 655 |
| FGF5 | Over expression | Glioblastoma | 656 |
| FGF6 | Over expression | Prostate cancer | 657 |
| FGF7 | Over expression | Lung adenocarcinoma | 658 |
| FGF8 | Over expression | Breast cancer, Prostate cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Colorectal cancer | 659–663 |
| Fgf9 | Frameshift/missense/nonsense mutation | Colorectral and endometrial carcinomas | 418,664–666 |
| Over expression | Non small cell lung cancer | ||
| FGF10 | Over expression | Breast carcinomas, Prostate cancer | 667,668 |
| FGF15/19 | Over expression | Prostate cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma | 162,163,513,669,670 |
| FGF16 | Over expression | Ovarian cancer | 671 |
| FGF17 | Over expression | Prostate cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma | 660,672 |
| FGF18 | Over expression | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 660 |
| FGF22 | Knockout | Suppresses skin papilloma (in mice) | 96 |
| FGF23 | Polymorphism | Increased risk of prostate cancer | 673 |
| (b) Contributions of FGFRs to malignancy (in vivo) | |||
| FGFR1 | Amplification | Small cell lung cancer, Squamous cell lung cancer, Breast cancer, Ovarian cancer, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Tongue squamous cell carcinoma | 191,192,674–682 |
| Missense mutation | Melanoma, Pilocytic astrocytoma | 683 | |
| Translocation | Leukemia, Lymphoma, Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, Glioblastoma, Myeloproliferative syndrome (fusion with CUX1, FGFROP2, FIM, RANBP2/NUP358, SQSTM1, TRP, ZNF198) | 681,684–692 | |
| Over expression | Glioblastoma | 656 | |
| FGFR2 | Amplification | Gastric cancer, Breast cancer | 693–697 |
| Missense mutation | Endometrial carcinoma, Gastric cancer | 693,698 | |
| Translocation | Cholangiocarcinoma | 699–702 | |
| FGFR3 | Missense mutation | Gastric cancer, Colorectal cancer, Breast cancer, Endometrial carcinoma, Urothelial carcinoma, Bladder tumor, Skin tumor, Myeloma | 608,693,703–706 |
| Mis-localization | Brest cancer | 707 | |
| Translocation | Myeloma, Squamous cell lung cancer, Bladder cancer, Glioblastoma, Lymphoma | 708–712 | |
| Over expression | Breast cancer, Colon cancer (FGFR3c) | 713,714 | |
| FGFR4 | Missense mutation | Rhabdomyosarcoma, Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Breast Cancer (resistance to adjuvant therapy) | 715–717 |
| Over expression | Ovarian cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma | 256,718,719 | |