Expression levels (in Miller units) of PnanA-lacZ, Pspd_1503-lacZ, and PnanE-lacZ in wild-type D39 (A), D39 ΔnanR (B), and D39 ΔccpA (C) grown in M17 (without sugar), GM17 (0.5% glucose plus M17), and SM17 (0.5% sialic acid plus M17). Standard deviations from three independent experiments are indicated by error bars.