Table 1.

Participant demographics for the three clinical groups (i.e., typical language [TL], speech sound disorders only [SSD only], and SSD and language impairment [SSD+LI]) at the three literacy stages (i.e., early elementary school, middle school, and high school).

Demographic characteristic	Clinical group			F	df	p
	TL	SSD only	SSD+LI
Early elementary school age
Number of participants	52	58	60
Mean age in years	7.99	8.03	8.03	0.07	2, 169	.937
SD	0.59	0.54	0.51
Range	7.00–8.91	7.00–8.92	7.00–8.83
No. of males/femalesa,b (χ2)	15/37	34/24	46/14	26.11	2, 169	<.001
SES rankingb,c (χ2)				28.37	8, 162	.001
1	0	0	5
2	5	2	8
3	6	10	17
4	21	18	20
5	19	25	7
Mean GFTA percentile score	90.92	63.04	46.67	26.87	2, 161	<.001
SDa,b,c	16.39	36.24	35.46
Range	25.0–99.0	1.0–99.0	1.0–99.0
Middle school age
Number of participants	74	50	72
Mean age in years	11.41	11.53	11.08	4.85	2, 195	.009
SDb,c	0.93	0.81	0.78
Range	10.00–12.92	10.08–12.92	10.00–12.91
No. of males/femalesb (χ2)	34/40	30/20	53/19	11.61	2, 195	.003
SES rankingb,c (χ2)
1	2	0	6	23.06	8, 189	.003
2	10	3	6
3	7	7	20
4	25	21	26
5	27	19	11
Mean GFTA percentile score	92.26	82.12	63.02	10.96	2, 152	<.001
SDb,c	20.83	32.96	40.66
Range	14.0–99.0	2.0–99.0	1.0–99.0
High school age
Number of participants	35	27	33
Mean age in years	15.90	15.58	15.50	1.24	2, 152	.295
SD	1.13	1.16	1.05
Range	14.00–17.92	14.00–17.50	14.08–17.50
No. of males/females (χ2)	14/21	16/11	20/13	3.56	2, 94	.169
SES ranking (χ2)
1	1	0	3	6.11	8, 91	.635
2	2	2	3
3	7	3	7
4	13	11	10
5	11	11	8
Mean GFTA percentile score	99.0	77.83	74.19	3.01	2, 49	.059
SD	0	38.57	40.51
Range	99.0	2.0–99.0	1.0–99.0

Note. SES = socioenomic status; GFTA = Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (Goldman & Fristoe, 1986).

^aThe TL group differs from the SSD-only group at p < .05.

^bThe TL group differs from the SSD+LI group at p < .05.

^cThe SSD-only group differs from the SSD+LI group at p < .05.