Table 1.
Sample characteristics and differences by depressive symptoms
| N (%) or Median (Min, Max) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total a (N = 8196) | Depressive symptoms | P value b | |
| Positive (N = 2262) | Negative (N = 5934) | |||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Mother’s age at the time of pregnancy (years) | 30 (15, 51) | 30 (16, 45) | 30 (15, 51) | <0.01 |
| Postpartum days at the time of survey (days) | 175 (0, 647) | 179 (0, 599) | 174 (0, 647) | 0.65 |
| Gestational week at the time of disaster (weeks) | 19 (0, 41) | 20 (0, 41) | 19 (0, 41) | 0.13 |
| Pregnancy history | ||||
| Birth | ||||
| 0 (First-time mother) | 2248 (28.8) | 669 (29.8) | 1579 (70.2) | |
| ≥1 | 5562 (71.2) | 1463 (26.3) | 4099 (73.7) | <0.01 |
| Miscarriage | ||||
| 0 | 2303 (61.0) | 619 (26.9) | 1684 (73.1) | |
| ≥1 | 1475 (39.0) | 416 (28.2) | 1059 (71.8) | 0.37 |
| Still birth | ||||
| 0 | 2808 (97.0) | 754 (26.9) | 2054 (73.2) | |
| ≥1 | 86 (3.0) | 31 (36.1) | 55 (64.0) | 0.06 |
| Abortion | ||||
| 0 | 2462 (70.5) | 642 (26.1) | 1820 (73.9) | |
| ≥1 | 1032 (29.5) | 365 (35.4) | 667 (64.6) | <0.01 |
| Psychiatric history | ||||
| Before pregnancy | ||||
| No | 8071 (98.5) | 2187 (27.1) | 5884 (72.9) | |
| Yes | 125 (1.5) | 75 (60.0) | 50 (40.0) | <0.01 |
| During pregnancy before the disaster | ||||
| No | 8111 (99.0) | 2209 (27.2) | 5902 (72.8) | |
| Yes | 85 (1.0) | 53 (62.4) | 32 (37.7) | <0.01 |
| During pregnancy after the disaster | ||||
| No | 7877 (96.1) | 2075 (26.3) | 5802 (73.7) | |
| Yes | 319 (3.9) | 187 (58.6) | 132 (41.4) | <0.01 |
| Obstetrical characteristics | ||||
| Mode of pregnancy | ||||
| Natural | 7841 (95.9) | 2178 (27.8) | 5663 (72.2) | |
| Induced ovulation, or artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization | 333 (4.1) | 80 (24.0) | 253 (76.0) | 0.13 |
| Mode of delivery | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 5570 (69.1) | 1507 (27.1) | 4063 (72.9) | |
| Cesarean section, vacuum, or forceps | 2486 (30.9) | 714 (28.2) | 1772 (72.3) | 0.12 |
| Gestational week at birth | ||||
| ≥37 | 7859 (96.1) | 2166 (27.6) | 5693 (72.4) | |
| <37 (Preterm) | 317 (3.9) | 90 (28.4) | 227 (71.6) | 0.75 |
| Obstetrical complicationsc before the disaster | ||||
| No | 6920 (85.8) | 1809 (26.1) | 5111 (73.9) | |
| Yes | 1154 (14.2) | 390 (34.1) | 755 (65.9) | <0.01 |
| Obstetrical complicationsc after the disaster | ||||
| No | 6673 (85.7) | 1692 (25.4) | 4981 (74.6) | |
| Yes | 1116 (14.3) | 360 (32.3) | 756 (67.7) | <0.01 |
| Infant characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Girl | 3937 (48.4) | 1100 (27.9) | 2837 (72.1) | |
| Boy | 4194 (51.6) | 1143 (27.3) | 3051 (72.8) | 0.49 |
| Birth weight | ||||
| 2500 g or higher | 7536 (92.6) | 2080 (27.6) | 5456 (72.4) | |
| 1500–2499 g | 564 (6.9) | 148 (26.2) | 416 (73.8) | 0.49 |
| Less than 1500 g | 36 (0.4) | 15 (41.7) | 21 (58.3) | 0.06 |
| Asphyxia | ||||
| No | 7812 (98.9) | 2152 (27.6) | 5660 (72.5) | |
| Yes | 90 (1.1) | 35 (38.9) | 55 (61.1) | 0.02 |
| Congenital anomaly | ||||
| No | 7693 (97.4) | 2098 (27.3) | 5595 (72.7) | |
| Yes | 205 (2.6) | 86 (42.0) | 119 (58.1) | <0.01 |
aColumn proportions are shown for the total distribution.
bWilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank sum test was used for continuous variables and chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables.
cExcluding mental health disorders that are listed above in maternal psychiatric history.