Table 3.

Number and Percentage of Deaths and Hazard Ratios (HRs) in the 4 DDD Groups Within Patients With Schizophrenia, in Separate Cox-Regression Analyses for Men and Women, and for Groups Based on Previous Treatment Contact

	No Antipsychotic Exposure				Low Antipsychotic Exposure				Moderate Antipsychotic Exposure			High Antipsychotic Exposure
	n	%	HR	95% CI	n	%	HR	95% CI	n	%	HR	n	%	HR	95% CI
ALLa	199	10	1.56	1.32–1.84	261	6	0.97	0.83–1.12	532	6	1	599	9	1.43	1.27–1.60
			(1.52	1.29–1.79)			(0.96	0.83–1.12)						(1.45	1.29–1.63)
Sexb
Men	140	10	1.46	1.20–1.78	167	7	1.01	0.82–1.19	433	7	1	382	9	1.28	1.11–1.48
			(1.52	1.25–1.85)			(1.04	0.87–1.25)						(1.29	1.12–1.50)
Women	59	8	1.64	1.22–2.20	94	5	0.93	0.72–1.19	188	5	1	217	9	1.83	1.51–2.23
			(1.61	1.20–2.16)			(0.97	0.76–1.24)						(1.63	1.34–1.98)
Previous treatment contactb
Outpatient treatment only	23	7	1.44	0.91–2.27	46	5	0.90	0.63–1.29	91	5	1	72	8	1.50	1.10–2.05
			(1.24	0.78–1.95)			(0.93	0.65–1.32)						(1.51	1.11–2.05)
Earlier inpatient treatment	95	10	1.69	1.35–2.14	128	6	0.90	0.73–1.11	299	7	1	334	9	1.41	1.21–1.65
			(1.58	1.25–1.99)			(0.95	0.77–1.17)						(1.37	1.17–1.60)
Inpatient treatment within 1 year	34	19	3.46	2.34–5.12	37	6	0.94	0.65–1.38	95	6	1	150	8	1.36	1.05–1.76
			(3.62	2.45–5.35)			(0.96	0.66–1.40)						(1.34	1.04–1.74)
Identified only through disability pension due to schizophrenia	47	8	1.06	0.71–1.59	50	10	1.32	0.88–1.96	47	7	1	43	14	2.19	1.45–3.31
			(1.13	0.75–1.69)			(1.40	0.94–2.08)						(2.03	1.34–3.08)

Note: The identified schizophrenia patients were categorized into 4 DDD groups: (1) no antipsychotics during the follow-up, (2) small doses of antipsychotics or occasional use (0 DDD/day–0.5 DDD/day, noninclusive), (3) moderate doses of antipsychotics (0.5 DDD/day–1.5 DDD/day, inclusive), and (4) high antipsychotic doses (>1.5 DDD/day). Overall mortality (the uppermost row “ALL”) was significantly lower for moderate use when compared with no antipsychotic use (P < .001) or with high exposure (P < .001). The number of hospital days during follow-up was 20.8 for no antipsychotic exposure, 19.7 for low antipsychotic exposure, 16.5 for moderate antipsychotic exposure, and 26.6 for high antipsychotic exposure. DDD, defined daily dose; HR, hazard ratio.

^aHRs are adjusted for age, gender, and treatment history (number of hospital days, number of outpatient contacts) and HRs adjusted for age and gender are shown in parentheses.

^bHRs are adjusted for age and unadjusted HRs are shown in parentheses.

Results indicated with bold differ from the results for moderate antipsychotic exposure (P < .05).