Table 2.

Post-lesional regulation (J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, Vol 61, October, 2002)

Early regulation ≤3 days post-lesion			Late regulation >3 days post-lesion
Molecule	Ipsi-lesional	Contra-lesional	Ipsi-lesional	Contra-lesional	Involvement in experience—induced plasticity
Immediate early gene/transcription factor
c-Fos	↑	–	↑	↑	Environmental enrichment
c-Jun	↑	–	↑	–	Learning
JunB	↑	–	–	–	Environmental enrichment
NGFI-A	↑	–	↑	–	Environmental enrichment
NGFI-B	↑	–	–	↑	Learning
NGFI-C	↑	–	–	–	Used-induced
Krox-20	↑	–	–	–	–
Arc	↑	–	–	↑	Environmental enrichment
CREB (increased phosphorylation	↑	–	↑ in c. callosum	↑	Used-induced
NF-kB	Controversial results				Learning
Kinase network molecules
MAP kinase	↑	–	–	↑	Learning
CaM kinase	↓	–	↑	–	Physical exercise
Neurotransmitter receptors
GluR1	↓	–	↓	–	Environmental enrichment
GluR2	↓	–	↓	–	–
GluR3	↓	–	↓	–	–
NMDAR (receptor binding)	–	↑	↑	↑	Environmental enrichment
mGluR3	↓	–	–	–	Learning
mGluR2	↓	–	↓	↓	Learning
GABAR (receptor binding)	↓	–	↓	↓	Learning
Growth factors/receptors
NGF	↑	–	↑	↑	Environmental enrichment
BDNF	↑	↑	–	–	Environmental enrichment
NT3	↓	–	↓	–	Environmental enrichment
BFGF	↑	–	↑	↑	Learning/physical exercise
GDNF	↑	–	–	–	Environmental enrichment
PDGF	↑	–	↑	–	–
IGF	–	–	↑	↑	–
TGF-β1	↑	–	↑	–	–
Trk B	↑	↑	–	–	Learning
Neuropilin -1, -2	↑	–	↑	–	–
TNF-α	↑	↑	–	–	–
APP	–	–	↑	–	Learning
Growth—associated/cytoskeletal molecules
GAP—43	↑	–	↑	↑	Learning
SCG—10	–	↑	–	↑	–
α—tubulin	–	–	↑	–	Learning
MAP—2	↑	–	↑	–	Learning
apoE	↓	–	↑	–	Learning
apoD	↑	–	↑	↑	–
Synapse-related molecules
Synaptophysin	–	–	↑	↑	Environmental enrichment
synapsin-I	↑	–	↑	–	Learning
SNAP-25	–	–	↑	–	–
Adhesion molecules
PSA-NCAM	↑	–	↑	–	Learning
L1	↓	–	↑	–	Learning
F3	↓	–	↓ up to 1 week then ↑	↑	–
Tenascin-C	↑	–	↑	–	–

–, no report; ↑, up-regulation; ↓, down-regulation.