Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| N = 244 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N (%) or Mean ± SD | |||
| Total | NYHA class I/II (n = 134) |
NYHA class III/IV (n = 110) |
||
| Age (years) | 61 ± 12 | 61 ± 12 | 61 ± 12 | |
| < 70 years | 197 (80.7) | 109 (81.3) | 88 (80.0) | |
| ≥ 70 years | 47 (19.3) | 25 (18.7) | 22 (20.0) | |
| Gender | Male | 162 (66.4) | 93 (69.4) | 69 (62.7) |
| Female | 82 (33.6) | 41 (30.6) | 41 (37.3) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.4 ± 7.1 | 29.2 ± 6.1 | 31.8 ± 8.1* | |
| Normal weight (< 25) | 59 (24.1) | 38 (28.4) | 21 (19.1) | |
| Overweight (25 – 29.9) | 68 (27.9) | 41 (30.6) | 27 (24.5) | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 117 (48.0) | 55 (41.0) | 62 (56.4) | |
| HF etiology | Non-ischemic heart disease | 130 (53.3) | 81 (60.4) | 49 (44.5) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 114 (46.7) | 53 (39.6) | 61 (55.5)* | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 34 ± 13 | 35 ± 12 | 33 ± 14* | |
| < 40% | 176 (72.1) | 95 (70.9) | 81 (73.6) | |
| ≥ 40% | 68 (27.9) | 39 (29.1) | 29 (26.4) | |
| Total comorbidity score | 3.1 ± 1.9 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 2.2* | |
| Hypertension | 169 (70.1) | 91 (68.9) | 78 (71.6) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 88 (36.1) | 42 (31.3) | 46 (41.8) | |
| Total energy (Kcal/day) | 1,837 ± 654 | 1,839 ± 638 | 1,834 ± 677 | |
| Medication | ACE inhibitors | 166 (68.0) | 91 (67.9) | 75 (68.2) |
| Angiotension II receptor blocker | 50 (20.5) | 27 (20.1) | 23 (20.9) | |
| Digoxin | 57 (23.4) | 23 (17.2) | 34 (30.9) | |
| β-blocker | 216 (88.5) | 121 (90.3) | 95 (86.4) | |
| Diuretics | 184 (75.4) | 96 (71.6) | 88 (80.0) | |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 63 (25.8) | 31 (23.1) | 32 (29.1) | |
ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme, HF; heart failure, NYHA; New York Heart Association
*
; p < 0.05 by independent t-test between NYHA classes I/II vs. III/IV.