Table 2.
Patient characteristics among 3 groups categorizedby daily sodium intake
| N = 244 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | N (%) or Mean ± SD | |||
| < 2g/day of sodium intake (n = 33) |
2 to 3g/day of sodium intake (n = 99) |
> 3g/day of sodium intake (n = 112) |
||
| Age (years) | 63 ± 12 | 62 ± 13 | 60 ± 11 | |
| Gender* | Male | 14 (42.4) | 60 (60.6) | 88 (78.6) |
| Female | 19 (57.6) | 39 (39.4) | 24 (21.4) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.0 ± 8.3 | 30.3 ± 7.2 | 30.9 ± 6.7 | |
| Normal weight (< 25) | 13 (39.4) | 26 (26.3) | 20 (17.9) | |
| Overweight (25 – 29.9) | 6 (18.2) | 26 (26.3) | 36 (32.1) | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 14 (42.4) | 47 (47.5) | 56 (50.0) | |
| HF etiology | Non-ischemic heart disease | 17 (51.5) | 56 (56.6) | 57 (50.9) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 16 (48.5) | 43 (43.4) | 55 (49.1) | |
| NYHA Class | I/II | 20 (60.6) | 54 (54.5) | 60 (53.6) |
| III/IV | 13 (39.4) | 45(45.5) | 52 (46.4) | |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 33 ± 12 | 35 ± 14 | 34 ± 13 | |
| < 40% | 25 (75.8) | 70 (70.7) | 81 (72.3) | |
| ≥ 40% | 8 (24.2) | 29 (29.3) | 31 (27.7) | |
| Total comorbidity score | 3.2 ± 1.8 | 3.0 ± 1.9 | 3.2 ± 2.0 | |
| Hypertension | 24 (72.7) | 66 (66.7) | 79 (72.5) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10 (30.3) | 33 (33.3) | 45 (40.2) | |
| Hospitalization in the year prior to inclusion | 9 (27.3) | 31 (31.3) | 31 (27.7) | |
| Serum NT-pro BNP (pg/mL) | 979 ± 901 | 832 ± 862 | 751 ± 596 | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | |
| Lower leg or ankle edema | No | 15 (45.5) | 57 (57.6) | 58 (51.8) |
| Yes | 18 (54.5) | 42 (42.4) | 54 (48.2) | |
| Total energy (Kcal/day) * | 1,174 ± 372 | 1,625 ± 376 | 2,220 ± 673 | |
| Medication | ACE inhibitor* | 18 (54.5) | 60 (60.6) | 88 (78.6) |
| ARB II | 9 (27.3) | 25 (25.3) | 16 (14.3) | |
| Digoxin | 9 (27.3) | 21 (21.2) | 27 (24.1) | |
| β-blocker | 29 (87.9) | 87 (87.9) | 100 (89.3) | |
| Diuretics | 25 (75.8) | 74 (74.7) | 85 (75.9) | |
| Furosemide equivalent (mg/day) | 39 ± 18 | 42 ± 23 | 42 ± 23 | |
| Hydrochlorothiazide (mg/day) | 28 ± 9 | 23 ± 9 | 27 ± 11 | |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 11 (33.3) | 23 (23.2) | 29 (25.9) | |
ACE; angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB II; Angiotension II receptor blocker, HF; heart failure, NYHA; New York Heart Association, NT-pro BNP; N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide
*
; p < 0.05 by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Chi-square tests among patients with < 2 g, 2 to 3 g, and > 3 g of daily sodium intake