Figure 1. Anatomy and functional connectivity in patients with PNH.

T1-weighted MR brain images show unilateral posterior gray matter heterotopia along the wall of the lateral ventricle in one patient, subject 3 in Table 1 (sagittal image in A), and diffuse bilateral periventricular heterotopic nodules in another patient, subject 7 (axial image in B), as indicated by red arrows. BOLD images acquired in these patients reveal discrete regions of cerebral cortex that demonstrate aberrant functional connectivity with the heterotopic gray matter during the task-free resting state (green areas show significant functional activation in C and D); these regions were then chosen as cortical targets for TMS in our experimental design.