Table 1. The HDAC family: classification, localization, substrates and functions.
| Class | Member | Localization | Substrate | Function |
| I | HDAC1 | Nucleus | Histones, MEF2, E2F1, p130, c-JUN, MKP1, p53, AMPK, p21,YY1, NF-κB, NOS, c-MYC, SMAD, pRb, SP1/SP3, TSHZ3, Myo-D, GATA, PCNA | Cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, development, cancer. |
| HDAC2 | Nucleus | Histones, NF-κB, SRF, GATA, p53, PKC-δ, pRb, Ku70, CIITA, HSP70 | Cell proliferation, development, synaptic plasticity, cardiac hypertrophy | |
| HDAC3 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Histones, MKP1, E2F1, NOS, MR, NKX2.5, p300, MCP, PCAF, NF-κB, pRb, YY1, HSP70, PPAR-γ | Cell proliferation, cell cycle control, development | |
| HDAC8 | Nucleus | Histones, HSP70, SMC3, cohesion | Smooth muscle differentiation and contractility, | |
| Iia | HDAC4 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | (Partners)Histones, MEF2, MyoD, p21, NFAT, Runx2, SRF, MRJ, p53, STAT1, FOXO, CAMTA2,HP1,14-3-3, | Cellular hypertrophy suppression, bone development, neuron survival and development, |
| HDAC5 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | (Partners)Histones, MEF2, MyoD, YY1, SRF, NKX2.5, CAMTA2, Runx2, FGF2, FOXO, HP1, 14-3-3 | Cellular hypertrophy suppression, bone development, axonal regeneration | |
| HDAC7 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | (Partners)Histones, MEF2, MyoD, MMP10, HIF2α, Nur77, 14-3-3, CAMTA2 | Cell survival, vascular development,immunomodulation | |
| HDAC9 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | (Partners)Histones, MEF2, MyoD, FOXP3, 14-3-3, CAMTA2 | Neuron development, synaptic plasticity,Immunomodulation | |
| IIb | HDAC6 | Cytoplasm | α-tubulin, HSP90, Prx1, Prx2 | Cytoskeletal dynamics, cell motility, aggresome formation, autophagy |
| HDAC10 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | pRb | Cell cycle | |
| III | SIRT1 | Mainly nucleus | Histone, MEF2, NF-κB, FOXO, α-MyHC, MyoD, IRF9, PCAF, TAFI68, p300, NOS, p53, PGC1α, BCL, HMG-B1, Prx, Egr-1 | Cellular survival, ageing, energy metabolism, inflammation |
| SIRT2 | Mainly cytoplasm | Histone, α-tubulin, FOXO, RIP1, HSP70 | Microtubule stability | |
| SIRT3 | Cytoplasm (Mitochondria) | Ku70, ACS2, MDH, GDH, Complex I, ICDH2, SOD2 | Energy metabolism | |
| SIRT4 | Cytoplasm | GDH | Energy metabolism, | |
| SIRT5 | Cytoplasm (Mitochondria) | HMG-B1, Cyt c, CPS I, Prx | Urea cycle, apoptosis | |
| SIRT6 | Nucleus | Histone (H3) | Telomeric DNA regulation | |
| SIRT7 | Nucleus | Histone (H3), p53 | Apoptosis | |
| IV | HDAC11 | Nucleus/cytoplasm | Histones,CDT1, HDAC6 | Immunomodulation |
ACS: Acetyl-CoA synthetase; AMPK: AMP-Activated Protein Kinase; Arg2: arginase 2; BCL: B-cell lymphoma; CAMTA: calmodulin binding transcription activator; CDT: chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor; CPS I: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I; CIITA: class II transactivato; Cyt c: cytochrome c; E2F: E2 factor; FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; FOXO: Forkhead box class O; FOXP3: forkhead box P3; GATA: GATA binding factor; GDH: glutamate dehydrogenase; HDAC: histone deacetylase; HIF: hypoxia-inducible factor; HMG-B: high mobility group box; HP1: Heterochromatin protein 1; HSP: Heat shock protein; ICDH: isocitrate dehydrogenase; IRF: interferon regulatory factor; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein; MDH: malate dehydrogenase; MEF: myocyte enhancer factor; MKP: mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase; MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase; MR: mineralocorticoid receptor; MRJ: mammalian relative of DnaJ; MyHC: myosin heavy chain; NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NFAT: nuclear factor of activated T cells; NF-κB: nuclear factor-kappa B; NKX2.5: NK2 homeobox 5; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; Nur77: nerve growth factor-induced gene B; pCAF: p300/CbP-associated factor; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PGC1α: peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-γ coactivator 1α; PKC-δ: Protein kinase C δ; PPAR-γ: peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor-γ; pRb: retinoblastoma protein; Prx: peroxiredoxin; RIP: receptor-interacting protein; Runx: runt-related transcription factor; SIRT: silent information regulator; SMC3: Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3; SOD: superoxide dismutase; SP: specificity protein; SRF: serum response factor; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription factor; TAFI: TATA box-binding protein-associated factor I; TSHZ: teashirt zinc finger homeobox; YY1: yin-yang 1.