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. 2015 Feb 27;16(3):4518–4559. doi: 10.3390/ijms16034518

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© 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Generalized L-shaped structure of adapter tRNAs that highlights the minimalist structural requirements needed for tRNA participation in ribosome-mediated protein synthesis. Numbering of residues is as for canonical cytosolic tRNAs. As it occurs in cytosolic tRNAs but not conserved in mt-tRNAs, the generalized structure is displayed with an acceptor arm of seven base pairs (bp) and an anticodon arm of five bp (deviations in bp content are indicated). Localizations of major identity determinants at the distal extremities of the structure are shown. The sequence of two minimalist tRNAs restricted to the acceptor and anticodon arms joined by L1 and L2 connectors (Walchia hayashii mt-tRNA^Ala and R. culicivorax tRNA^Arg) are in line with this generalized tRNA structure. Note that the minimalist tRNA^Arg (44 nts) is to date the shortest characterized tRNA [96]. Base pair content, missing position (x), and length of connectors’ sequences are indicated (in correspondence with sequence analysis mentioned in the text and Table 2).