Table 1.
Summary of the in vitro studies on biomimetic mineralization on human dentine.
| Authors, Year [Reference] | Method | Surface Treatment | Sources of Ca and P | Main Finding |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forsback et al. 2004 [12] | Bioactive glass | 0.5% NaOCl (5 min) | Bioactive glass, SBF, Remineralization solution | Calcium phosphate layer covered the dentine surface |
| Vollenweider et al. 2007 [13] | Bioactive glass | 17% EDTA (2 h) | Bioactive glass suspension | Bioactive glass facilitated remineralization |
| Tay et al. 2008 [25] | PAA, PVPA | 37% PA (15 s) | Portland cement, PO4-containing fluid system | Interfibrillar and intrafibrillar remineralization of dentine |
| Reyes-Carmona et al. 2009 [14] | MTA, PBS | 17% EDTA (3 min), 1% NaOCl (3 min) | MTA-PBS system | Apatite deposited within collagen fibrils |
| Gandolfi et al. 2011 [15] | Ca2SiO4 hybrid “smart” materials | 17% EDTA (2 h) | Portland-derived mineral, CaAl2Si2O8, PO4 solution | Bone-like carbonated-apatite formed on dentine |
| Gu et al. 2011 [19] | PAA, PVPA | 0.5 M EDTA, 4 M GuCl | Portland cement-based composite, SBF | Dentine remineralization with intrafibrillar mineral infiltration |
| Liu et al. 2011 [22] | STMP, PAA | pH-cycling | Portland cement, simulated body fluid system | STMP is a promising method to remineralize artificial carious lesion |
| Liu et al. 2011 [23] | PAA, PVPA | pH-cycling | Portland cement, biomimetic analogue-containing SBF | Intra and extrafibrillar mineralisation of collagen fibrils |
| Gu et al. 2011 [26] | STMP, PAA | 32% PA gel (15 s) | Portland cement, PAA-containing SBF | Intrafibrillar mineralization within the collagen matrix |
| Xu et al. 2011 [27] | P-chi | Demineralizing solution (72 h) | Remineralizing solution | CaPO4 deposited on demineralized dentine |
| Wang et al. 2011 [33] | Peptide | 37% PA (15 s) | CaCl2 solution, PO4 neutralization buffer | Peptide improved remineralization of acid-etched dentine |
| Zhou et al. 2012 [17] | Polydopamine | 37% PA (2 min) | CaPO4 solution | Polydopamine coating promoted dentin remineralization |
| Ning et al. 2012 [18] | Agarose gel | 20% PA (60 s) | CaCl2 solution Na2HPO4 Agarose gel | Apatite completely covered the dentine surface |
| Qi et al. 2012 [24] | PAA, Na5P3O10 | pH-cycling | MTA, SBF | MTA effectively promoted dentine remineralization |
| Zhang et al. 2012 [28] | STMP | Demineralizing solution (72 h) | Ca(OH)2-treatment, Remineralizing solution | A layer of rod-shaped crystals formed on dentine |
| Li et al. 2013 [20] | PAMAM dendrimer | 0.5 M EDTA (30 min), 4 M GuCl | Artificial saliva | Intrafibrillar mineralization process within collagen fibrils |
| Wang et al. 2013 [29] | PAA | 37% PA (10 s) | Mineralization solution | Remineralization took place in low but not in high PAA concentration |
| Cao et al. 2013 [31] | STMP | 37% PA (60 s) | CPP-ACP, Metastable CaPO4 solution | Apatite formation on the phosphorylated collagen fibers |
| Cao et al. 2014 [1] | Oligopeptide | 37% PA (60 s) | Metastable CaPO4 solution | Apatite completely covered the dentine surface |
| Osorio et al. 2014 [16] | Zn (as bioactive element) | 35% PA (15 s) | Artificial saliva | Zn and PO4 were crucial for hydroxyapatite homeostasis |
| Zhou et al. 2014 [21] | PAMAM-COOH | 0.5 M EDTA (30 min), 4 M GuCl | Artificial saliva | Remineralization of dentine with apatite |
| Sun et al. 2014 [30] | PAA, l-glutamic acid | 35% PA (10 s) | Remineralization solution | Dentine remineralization took place |
| Jia et al. 2014 [32] | PAMAM dendrimer | 37% PA (10 s) | Artificial saliva | PAMAM promotes mineralization of demineralized dentinal tubules |
CPP-ACP—Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate; EDTA—Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; NCPs—Non-collagenous proteins; MTA—mineral trioxide aggregate; PA—phosphoric acid; PAA—Polyacrylic acid; PAMAM—Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer; PBS—Phosphate-buffered saline; P-chi—Phosphorylated chitosan; PVPA—Polyvinylphosphonic acid; SBF—Simulated body fluid; STMP—sodium trimetaphosphate.