Table 1.
DNA damage and DDR associated molecules. Flach, et al. utilized a variety of antigens to examine DNA damage, DDR, replication stress and ribosome biosynthesis by immunofluorescence [29]. A number of these markers are reproduced and described here.
| Antigen | Abbreviation | Indication | Notes | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gamma-H2AX | γH2AX | DSB single stranded DNA | Target of ATM/ATR may serve as repressive epigenetic mark in quiescent aged HSCs | [29,75,76,77,78,79] | |
| Tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1 | TP53BP1 | DSB | Target of ATM/ATR | [80,81,82] | |
| Phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 | pCHK1 | DNA damage repair | Target of ATR mediates cell cycle arrest | [83,84,85,86,87] | |
| Phosphorylated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated | pATM | DNA damage DSBs | Mediates DDR mediates redox homeostasis in HSCs | [18,22,30,88,89,90,91] | |
| Poly (ADP-ribose) | PAR | Single stranded DNA break | Signals for single strand break repair synthesized by PARP | [92,93] | |
| Replication protein A | RPA | Binds single stranded DNA | Prevents formation of secondary structures during replication | [94,95] | |
| ATR interacting protein | ATRIP | Binds RPA coated single stranded DNA | Associates with ATR, leading to its accumulation at intranuclear DNA damage foci | [96,97,98] | |
| Fibrillarin | FBL | Ribosome biosynthesis | Fibrillarin component of SnRNPs | [99,100,101] | |
| Upstream binding factor | UBF | Ribosome biosynthesis | Upstream binding factor transcription factor of rRNAs | [102] | |
| Nucleolin | NCL | Ribosome biosynthesis | Nucleolin invlolved in ribosome synthesis | [103,104] | |
| Nuclear serine/threonine protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit | nPP4c | γH2AX phosphatase | [105,106] | ||