Figure 4.

Schematic and graphical description of commonly adopted translational approaches for drug-induced CV changes and their relative use of systems information. 1. Comparative assessment between species using descriptive PK/PD modeling and simulation to identify predictive in vitro/in vivo assays and quantify empirical translational relationship. 2. Bottom-up systems pharmacology approach using in vitro potency to predict clinical effects based on mechanistic knowledge. 3. In vivo systems pharmacology approach to predict clinical effects based on systems knowledge and in vivo data.