Fig. 1. Differences in K-functions of stigma present and stigma absent for both internalized and externalized stigma with distance [in decimal degrees, with 99% upper and lower bounds (dashed lines) derived from permuting stigma present and stigma absent under complete spatial randomness].

Significant clustering of residential locations of those who did not harbor stigma relative to those who did is indicated where the solid line is negative and outside of the lower bound.