Table 1.
Characteristics of individuals reporting versus not reporting internalized and externalized stigma indicators.
| Internalized stigma (shame) | Externalized stigma (blame) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No reported stigma indicator [n=205 (54.5%)] |
≥ 1 reported stigma indicator [n=171 (45.5%)] |
No reported stigma indicator [n=40 (10.6%)] |
≥ 1 reported stigma indicator [n=336 (89.4%)] |
|||||
| (number/ median) |
(percentage/ IQR) |
(number/ median) |
(percentage/ IQR) |
(number/ median) |
(percentage/ IQR) |
(number/ median) |
(percentage/ IQR) |
|
| Age (median/IQR) | 26 (22–31) | 24 (22–30) | 25 (23–30) | 25 (22–30) | ||||
| Monthly household income (KSH) | ||||||||
| 0–2000 | 54 | (26.6) | 60 | (35.5) | 10 | (25.6) | 104 | (31.2) |
| 2001–5000 | 26 | (12.8) | 27 | (16.0) | 4 | (10.3) | 49 | (14.7) |
| 5001–10 000 | 8 | (3.9) | 5 | (3.0) | 3 | (7.7) | 10 | (3.0) |
| 10 0001–20 000 | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (1.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (0.9) |
| 21 000–30 000 | 1 | (0.5) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.3) |
| Do not know | 114 | (56.2) | 74 | (43.8) | 22 | (56.4) | 166 | (49.8) |
| Highest level of education* | ||||||||
| None | 7 | (3.4) | 3 | (1.8) | 0 | (0.0) | 10 | (3.0) |
| Some primary | 93 | (45.6) | 97 | (57.1) | 16 | (40.0) | 174 | (52.1) |
| Completed primary | 81 | (39.7) | 47 | (27.6) | 14 | (35.0) | 114 | (34.1) |
| Some secondary | 16 | (7.8) | 17 | (10.0) | 6 | (15.0) | 27 | (8.1) |
| Completed secondary | 6 | (2.9) | 4 | (2.4) | 4 | (10.0) | 6 | (1.8) |
| College | 1 | (0.5) | 2 | (1.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (0.9) |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Housewife | 89 | (43.6) | 58 | (33.9) | 18 | (45.0) | 129 | (38.5) |
| Salaried job | 4 | (2.0) | 2 | (1.2) | 2 | (5.0) | 4 | (1.2) |
| Self-employed/small business | 79 | (38.7) | 75 | (43.9) | 14 | (35.0) | 140 | (41.8) |
| Unemployed | 32 | (15.7) | 36 | (21.1) | 6 | (15.0) | 62 | (18.5) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Married (monogamous) | 160 | (78.0) | 137 | (80.1) | 35 | (87.5) | 262 | (78.0) |
| Married (polygamous) | 31 | (15.1) | 22 | (12.9) | 3 | (7.5) | 50 | (14.9) |
| Single | 9 | (4.4) | 7 | (4.1) | 2 | (5.0) | 14 | (4.2) |
| Widowed | 5 | (2.4) | 5 | (2.9) | 0 | (0.0) | 10 | (3.0) |
| Number of mobile phones in household* | ||||||||
| None | 56 | (27.5) | 51 | (29.8) | 6 | (15.0) | 101 | (30.2) |
| 1 | 91 | (44.6) | 85 | (49.7) | 17 | (42.5) | 159 | (47.5) |
| 2+ | 57 | (27.9) | 35 | (20.5) | 17 | (42.5) | 75 | (22.4) |
| Self-reported HIV status | ||||||||
| HIV-positive | 22 | (11.6) | 19 | (12.8) | 6 | (15.8) | 35 | (11.7) |
| Knows someone with HIV | ||||||||
| Answered ‘yes’ | 53 | (25.9) | 32 | (18.8) | 6 | (15.0) | 79 | (23.6) |
All percentages are calculated out of nonmissing responses for each variable.
*
P-value=0.01 by test for trend for externalized stigma.