FIG 1.
Analysis of MAPK pathway activation effect on infection and GRA treatment. (A, B, and C) RAW264.7 cells (2 × 106/ml) were infected with L. donovani promastigotes (macrophage/parasite ratio, 1:10) and then were either treated with 20 μM GRA for 4 h or left untreated. The levels of p38 and phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) (A), ERK and p-ERK (B), and JNK and p-JNK were detected by Western blotting. The bands were analyzed densitometrically, and fold changes are indicated below each blot. All experiments were repeated at least three times each, and one set of representative data is shown.