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Schematic representation depicting mechanistic details of GRA-mediated host cell activation. Leishmania inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production and host cell activation. GRA treatment resulted in both (i) TLR2/4-MyD88-IRAK-TRAF6-TAK1-dependent MKK3/6-mediated canonical p38 activation and (ii) TAB1-dependent noncanonical p38 activation. Overall, p38 activation by GRA thus leads to proinflammatory cytokine production and host cell activation.
